Burisch J, Katsanos KH, Christodoulou DK, et al. Natural disease course of ulcerative colitis during the first five years of follow-up in a European population-based inception Cohort. An Epi-IBD study J Crohns Colitis. 2019;13:198–208.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dinesen LC, Walsh AJ, Protic MN, et al. The pattern and outcome of acute severe colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2010;4:431–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lynch RW, Lowe D, Protheroe A, et al. Outcomes of salvage therapy in acute severe ulcerative colitis: data from the United Kingdom inflammatory bowel disease audit. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;38:935–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dong C, Metzger M, Holsbø E, Perduca V, Carbonnel F. Systematic review with meta-analysis: mortality in acute severe ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51:8–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Travis S, Satsangi J, Lemann M. Predicting the need for colectomy in severe ulcerative colitis: a critical appraisal of clinical parameters and currently available biomarkers. Gut. 2011;60:3–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aratari A, Papi C, Clemente V, et al. Colectomy rate in acute severe ulcerative colitis in the infliximab era. Dig Liver Dis. 2008;40:821–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spinelli A, Bonovas S, Burisch J, et al. ECCO guidelines on therapeutics in ulcerative colitis: surgical treatment. J Crohns Colitis. 2022;16:179–89.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sebastian S, Lisle J, Subramanian S, et al. Practice pattern variability in the management of acute severe colitis: a UK provider survey. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2019;11:272–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/flgastro-2019-101277.

Lee NS, Pola S, Groessl EJ, et al. Opportunities for improvement in the care of patients hospitalized for inflammatory bowel disease-related colitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61:1003–12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Murthy SK, Steinhart AH, Tinmouth J, et al. Impact of gastroenterologist care on health outcomes of hospitalised ulcerative colitis patients. Gut. 2012;61:1410–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis final report on a therapeutic trial. Br Med J. 1955;2:1041–8.

Croft A, Lord A, Radford SG. Markers of systemic inflammation in acute attacks of ulcerative colitis: what level of C-reactive protein constitutes severe colitis? J Crohns Colitis. 2022;16:1089–96. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac014.

Lichtiger S, Present DH, Kornbluth A, et al. Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1841–5. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199406303302601.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Obi K, Hinton A, Sobotka L, et al. Early sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy is associated with improved hospital outcomes in ulcerative Colitis-Related hospitalization. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2016;7:e203.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, et al. An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases. Gastroenterology. 1969;57:68–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Travis SP, Farrant JM, Ricketts C, et al. Predicting outcome in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1996;38:905–1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ho GT, Mowat C, Goddard CJ, et al. Predicting the outcome of severe ulcerative colitis: development of a novel risk score to aid early selection of patients for second-line medical therapy or surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19:1079–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lindgren SC, Flood LM, Kilander AF, et al. Early predictors of glucocorticosteroid treatment failure in severe and moderately severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998;10:831–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042737-199810000-00003.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holvoet T, Lobaton T, Hyndrycx P. Optimal management of acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC): challenges and solutions. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2021;14:71–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-019-05668-6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grant RK, Jones GR, Plevris N, et al. The ACE (albumin, CRP, and endoscopy) index in acute colitis: a simple clinical index on admission that predicts outcome in patients with acute ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2021;27:451–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adams A, Gupta V, Mohsen W, et al. Early management of acute severe UC in the biologic’s era: development and international validation of a prognostic clinical index to predict steroid response. Gut. 2023;72:433–42. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327533.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gibson DJ, Hartery K, Doherty J, et al. CRP/albumin ratio: an early predictor of steroid responsiveness in acute severe ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2018;52:e48–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0000000000000884.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Corte C, Fernandopulle N, Catuneanu AM, et al. Association between the ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity (UCEIS) and outcomes in acute severe ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9:376–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv047.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jain S, Kedia S, Bopanna S, et al. Faecal calprotectin and UCEIS predict short-term outcomes in acute severe colitis: prospective cohort study. J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11:1309–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx084.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Scarallo L, Valerio P, Monica R, et al. Bowel ultrasound scan predicts corticosteroid failure in children with acute severe colitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;71:46–51. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000002677.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morilla I, Uzzan M, Laharie D, et al. Colonic microRNA Profiles, identified by a deep learning algorithm, that predict responses to therapy of patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17:905–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schirmer M, Denson L, Vlamakis H, et al. Compositional and temporal changes in the gut microbiome of pediatric ulcerative colitis patients are linked to disease course. Cell Host Microbe. 2018;24:600-10.e4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ghoshal UC, Rai S, Kulkarni A, Gupta A. Prediction of outcome of treatment of acute severe ulcerative colitis using principal component analysis and artificial intelligence. JGH Open. 2020;4:889–97.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yu S, Li H, Li Y, et al. Development and validation of novel models for the prediction of intravenous corticosteroid resistance in acute severe ulcerative colitis using logistic regression and machine learning. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2022;10:goac053. https://doi.org/10.1093/gastro/goac053.

Stidham RW, Takenaka K. Artificial intelligence for disease assessment in inflammatory bowel disease: how will it change our practice? Gastroenterology. 2022;162:1493–506.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Truelove SC, Jewell DP. Intensive intravenous regimen for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis. Lancet. 1974;303:1067–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(74)90552-2.

Article  Google Scholar 

Turner D, Walsh CM, Steinhart AH, Griffiths AM. Response to corticosteroids in severe ulcerative colitis: a systematic review of the literature and a meta-regression. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:103–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2006.09.033.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wiles A, Bredin F, Chukualim B, Middleton S. In the treatment of flares of IBD, intravenous hydrocortisone causes greater falls in blood potassium and more severe episodes of hypokalaemia than methylprednisolone. Gut 2011;60 Suppl 1. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2011.239301.471.

Rosenberg W, Ireland A, Jewell DP. High-dose methylprednisolone in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1990;12:40–1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ben-Horin S, Har-Noy O, Katsanos KH, et al. Corticosteroids and mesalamine versus corticosteroids for acute severe ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20:2868–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2022.02.055.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sebastian S, Patel KV, Segal JP, et al. Ambulatory care management of 69 patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis in comparison to 695 inpatients: Insights from a multicentre UK cohort study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2022;9:e000763.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abusibah H, Abdelaziz MM, Standen P, et al. Ambulatory management of pulmonary embolism. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2018;79:18–25. https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2018.79.1.18.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lamb CA, Kennedy NA, Raine T, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut. 2019;68Suppl 3:s1–s106. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318484.

Raine T. Bonovas, Burish JECCO guidelines on therapeutics in ulcerative colitis: medical treatment. J Crohns Colitis. 2022;16(1):2–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab178.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee H-S, Park SH, Kim S-H, et al. Risk factors and clinical outcomes associated with cytomegalovirus colitis in patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22:912–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nguyen GC, Kaplan GG, Harris ML, Brant SR. A national survey of the prevalence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:1443–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khanna S, Shin A, Kelly CP. Management of Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease: expert review from the clinical practice updates Committee of the AGA Institute. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15:166–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2016.10.024.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vieujean S, Moens S, Hassid D, et al. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease–a case series. J Crohns Colitis. 2023;17:472–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac153.