Ito K, Sasaki K, Ono M, et al. Investigation of real-world heparin resistance and anticoagulation management prior to cardiopulmonary bypass: report from a nationwide survey by the Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery heparin resistance working group. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11748-023-01936-5. (Online ahead of print).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bull BS, Huse WM, Brauer FS, et al. Heparin therapy during extracorporeal circulation. II. The use of a dose-response curve to individualize heparin and protamine dosage. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1975;69:685–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shore-Lesserson L, Baker RA, Ferraris V, et al. STS/SCA/AmSECT clinical practice guidelines: anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2018;50:5–18.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Esposito RA, Culliford AT, Colvin SB, Thomas SJ, Lackner H, Spencer FC. Heparin resistance during cardiovascular bypass: the role of heparin pretreatment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983;85:346–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anderson EF. Heparin resistance prior to cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology. 1986;64:504–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Staples MH, Dunton RF, Karlson KJ, Leonardi HK, Berger RL. Heparin resistance after preoperative heparin therapy or intraaortic balloon pumping. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;57:1211–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ranucci M, Isgrò G, Cazzaniga A, Soro G, Menicanti L, Frigiola A. Predictors for heparin resistance in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Perfusion. 1999;14:437–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ranucci M, Isgrò G, Cazzaniga A, Ditta A, Boncilli A, Cotza M, et al. Different patterns of heparin resistance: therapeutic implications. Perfusion. 2002;17:199–204.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garvin S, Fitzgerald D, Muehlschlegel JD, Perry TE, Fox AA, Shernan SK, et al. Heparin dose response is independent of preoperative AT activity in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery using low heparin concentrations. Anesth Analg. 2010;111:856–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Finley A, Greenberg C. Heparin sensitivity and resistance: management during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth Analg. 2013;116:1210–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kawatsu S, Sasaki K, Sakatsume K, Takahara S, Hosoyama K, Masaki N, et al. Predictors of heparin resistance before cardiovascular operations in adults. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;105:1316–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yamashiro T, Hibiya M, Takagi Y, et al. Study on influencing. factors on heparin reactivity. Jpn J Extra Corpor Technol. 2020;47:115–21.

Article  Google Scholar 

Voelker R. New standards reduce heparin potency. JAMA. 2009;302:1956.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirsh J, Warkentin TE, Dalen JE, et al. Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin: mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing, monitoring, efficacy, and safety. Chest. 2001;119:64S-94S.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sobel M, McNeill PM, Marques D, et al. Heparin inhibition of von Willebrand factor-dependent platelet function in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Investig. 1991;87:1787–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mohri H, Ohkubo T. Fibrinogen binds to heparin: the relationship of the binding of other adhesive proteins to heparin. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1993;303:27–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fredenburgh JC, Leslie BA, Stafford AR, Lim T, Chan HH, Weitz JI. Zn2+ mediates high affinity binding of heparin to the αC domain of fibrinogen. J Biol Chem. 2013;288:29394–402.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chan HH, Leslie BA, Stafford AR, Roberts RS, Al-Aswad NN, Fredenburgh JC, Weitz JI. By increasing the affinity of heparin for fibrin, Zn(2+) promotes the formation of a ternary heparin-thrombin-fibrin complex that protects thrombin from inhibition by antithrombin. Biochemistry. 2012;51:7964–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chan T, Hwang NC, Lim CH. A statistical analysis of factors predisposing patients to heparin resistance. Perfusion. 2006;21:99–103.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jøorgensen KA, Stoffersen E. Heparin like activity of albumin. Thromb Res. 1979;16:569–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jørgensen KA, Stoffersen E. On the inhibitory effect of albumin on platelet aggregation. Thromb Res. 1980;17:13–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galanakis DK. Anticoagulant albumin fragments that bind to fibrinogen/fibrin: possible implications. Semin Thromb Hemost. 1992;18:44–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

King AB, O’Duffy AE, Kumar AB. Heparin resistance and anticoagulation failure in a challenging case of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Neurohospitalist. 2016;6:118–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Society of Thoracic Surgeons Blood Conservation Guideline Task Force, Ferraris VA, Brown JR, Despotis GJ, et al. 2011 update to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists blood conservation clinical practice guidelines. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91:944–82.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sniecinski RM, Bennett-Guerrero E, Shore-Lesserson L. Anticoagulation management and heparin resistance during cardiopulmonary bypass: a survey of Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Members. Anesth Analg. 2019;129:e41–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Danielsson A, Raub E, Bjork I, et al. Role of ternary complexes, in which heparin binds both antithrombin and proteinase, in the acceleration of the reactions between antithrombin and thrombin or factor Xa. J Biol Chem. 1986;261:15467–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang ZF, Wun T-C, Broze GJ Jr. Kinetics of factor Xa inhibition by tissue factor pathway inhibitor. J Biol Chem. 1993;268:26950–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Treichl B, Bachler M, Lorenz I, et al. Efficacy of argatroban in critically ill patients with heparin resistance: a retrospective analysis. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2015;41:61–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar