Deloitte Access Economics. Re-awakening Australia: the economic cost of sleep disorders in Australia, 2010. Report: Sleep Health Foundation. 2011.

Sivertsen B, Björnsdóttir E, Øverland S, Bjorvatn B, Salo P. The joint contribution of insomnia and obstructive sleep apnoea on sickness absence. J Sleep Res. 2013;22(2):223–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deloitte Access Economics. Asleep on the job: costs of inadequate sleep in Australia. Report: Sleep Health Foundation. 2017.

AlGhanim N, Comondore VR, Fleetham J, Marra CA, Ayas NT. The economic impact of obstructive sleep apnea. Lung. 2008;186(1):7–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hillman DR, Lack LC. Public health implications of sleep loss: the community burden. Med J Aust. 2013;199(8):S7-10.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bin YS, Marshall NS, Glozier N. The burden of insomnia on individual function and healthcare consumption in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2012;36(5):462–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Daley M, Morin CM, LeBlanc M, Grégoire JP, Savard J. The economic burden of insomnia: direct and indirect costs for individuals with insomnia syndrome, insomnia symptoms, and good sleepers. Sleep. 2009;32(1):55–64.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Botteman M. Health economics of insomnia therapy: implications for policy. Sleep Med. 2009;10(Suppl. 1):S22–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wickwire EM, Shaya FT, Scharf SM. Health economics of insomnia treatments: the return on investment for a good night’s sleep. Sleep Med Rev. 2016;30:72–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Glick DR, Abariga SA, Thomas I, Shipper AG, Gunia BC, Grandner MA, et al. Economic impact of insufficient and disturbed sleep in the workplace. Pharmacoeconomics. 2023;41(7):771–85.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sateia MJ. International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications. Chest. 2014;146(5):1387–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ohayon MM. Epidemiological overview of sleep disorders in the general population. Sleep Med Res. 2011;2(1):1–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Thorpy MJ. Classification of sleep disorders. Neurotherapeutics. 2012;9(4):687–701.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

National Institutes of Health. National Institutes of Health State of the Science Conference statement on manifestations and management of chronic insomnia in adults, June 13–15, 2005. Sleep. 2005;28(9):1049–57.

Google Scholar 

Chung KF, Yeung WF, Ho FY, Yung KP, Yu YM, Kwok CW. Cross-cultural and comparative epidemiology of insomnia: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD). Sleep Med. 2015;16(4):477–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qaseem A, Kansagara D, Forciea MA, Cooke M, Denberg TD. Management of chronic insomnia disorder in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(2):125–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Appleton SL, Reynolds AC, Gill TK, Melaku YA, Adams RJ. Insomnia prevalence varies with symptom criteria used with implications for epidemiological studies: role of anthropometrics, sleep habit, and comorbidities. Nat Sci Sleep. 2022;14:775–90.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Senaratna CV, Perret JL, Lodge CJ, Lowe AJ, Campbell BE, Matheson MC, et al. Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2017;34:70–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(17):1230–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lechat B, Naik G, Reynolds A, Aishah A, Scott H, Loffler KA, et al. Multinight prevalence, variability, and diagnostic misclassification of obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;205(5):563–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yaggi HK, Concato J, Kernan WN, Lichtman JH, Brass LM, Mohsenin V. Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(19):2034–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lechat B, Appleton S, Melaku YA, Hansen K, McEvoy RD, Adams R, et al. The association of co-morbid insomnia and sleep apnea with prevalent cardiovascular disease and incident cardiovascular events. J Sleep Res. 2022;31(5): e13563.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krishnan S, Chai-Coetzer CL, Grivell N, Lovato N, Mukherjee S, Vakulin A, et al. Comorbidities and quality of life in Australian men and women with diagnosed and undiagnosed high-risk obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(7):1757–67.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lechat B, Appleton S, Melaku YA, Hansen K, McEvoy RD, Adams R, et al. Comorbid insomnia and sleep apnoea is associated with all-cause mortality. Eur Respir J. 2022;60(1):2101958.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Terán-Santos J, Jiménez-Gómez A, Cordero-Guevara J. The association between sleep apnea and the risk of traffic accidents. Cooperative Group Burgos-Santander. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(11):847–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hafner M, Stepanek M, Taylor J, Troxel WM, van Stolk C. Why sleep matters: the economic costs of insufficient sleep: a cross-country comparative analysis. Rand Health Q. 2017;6(4):11.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Streatfeild J, Smith J, Mansfield D, Pezzullo L, Hillman D. The social and economic cost of sleep disorders. Sleep. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab132.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hillman D, Mitchell S, Streatfeild J, Burns C, Bruck D, Pezzullo L. The economic cost of inadequate sleep. Sleep. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy083.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Health expenditure. 2022. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/health-expenditure.htm. [Accessed 11 Apr 2023].

Felce D, Perry J. Quality of life: its definition and measurement. Res Dev Disabil. 1995;16(1):51–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brazier J, Ratcliffe J, Saloman J, Tsuchiya A. Measuring and valuing health benefits for economic evaluation. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2017.

Google Scholar 

Drummond M, Sculphe M, Torrance G, O’Brien B, Stoddart G. Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programs. New York: Oxford University Press; 2015.

Google Scholar 

Natsky AN, Vakulin A, Chai-Coetzer CL, Lack L, McEvoy RD, Lovato N, et al. Economic evaluation of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) for improving health outcomes in adult populations: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2020;54: 101351.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaambwa B, Mpundu-Kaambwa C, Adams R, Appleton S, Martin S, Wittert G. Suitability of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) for economic evaluation: an aasessment of its convergent and discriminant validity. Behav Sleep Med. 2018;16(5):448–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bonin EM, Beecham J, Swift N, Raikundalia S, Brown JS. Psycho-educational CBT-Insomnia workshops in the community: a cost-effectiveness analysis alongside a randomised controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 2014;55:40–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hofmeister D, Schulte T, Mehnert-Theuerkauf A, Geue K, Zenger M, Esser P, et al. The association between sleep problems and general quality of life in cancer patients and in the general population. Front Psychol. 2022;13: 960029.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Flemons WW, Reimer MA. Development of a disease-specific health-related quality of life questionnaire for sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158(2):494–503.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Uchmanowicz I, Markiewicz K, Uchmanowicz B, Kołtuniuk A, Rosińczuk J. The relationship between sleep disturbances and quality of life in elderly patients with hypertension. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:155–65.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee S, Kim JH, Chung JH. The association between sleep quality and quality of life: a population-based study. Sleep Med. 2021;84:121–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van Dongen HP, Maislin G, Mullington JM, Dinges DF. The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep. 2003;26(2):117–26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Belenky G, Wesensten NJ, Thorne DR, Thomas ML, Sing HC, Redmond DP, et al. Patterns of performance degradation and restoration during sleep restriction and subsequent recovery: a sleep dose-response study. J Sleep Res. 2003;12(1):1–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Messick S. Test validity and the ethics of assessment. Am Psychol. 1980;35(11):1012–27.

Article  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Towards a common language for functioning, disability and health ICF: the international classification of functioning, disability and health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.

Google Scholar 

Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1):1–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central