The diagnosis of celiac disease peaked at age 2 and subsequently declined as age progresses.

Celiac disease patients exhibited a higher prevalence of autoimmune diseases compared to their controls.

The risk of autoimmune disease did not escalate with increasing age at the celiac disease diagnosis.

Celiac disease (CeD) has been linked to an increased risk of other autoimmune diseases, yet the impact of delayed CeD diagnosis on risk of developing additional autoimmune diseases remains uncertain. We investigated this through a nationwide matched case-control study.

Using the ESPRESSO cohort with histophatology data from Sweden's 28 pathology departments, we assessed 46,575 biopsy-confirmed CeD cases from 1964 to 2017. We extracted 225,295 matched controls without histopathology information from the Swedish Total Population Register. Autoimmune disease was defined through diagnostic codes in the National Patient Register. Through conditional logistic regression we estimated odds ratio (OR) of autoimmune disease up until CeD diagnosis/matching date comparing CeD cases to controls across different age strata.

A total of 3059 (6.6 %) CeD patients and 4076 (1.8 %) controls had earlier autoimmune disease. The overall OR for autoimmune disease in CeD was 3.50 (95%CI 3.32–3.70). The risk of autoimmune disease did not escalate with increasing age at CeD diagnosis. Compared with controls, the OR of autoimmune disease in CeD patients was 7.70 (95%CI 4.71–12.57) in those diagnosed with CeD in 0–4 years, 19.02 (95%CI 13.80–26.23) in 5–9 years, 6.18 (95%CI 5.14–7.44) in 10–14 years, 4.80 (95%CI 3.97–5.79) in 15–19 years, 4.24 (95%CI 3.55–5.07) in 20–29 years, 4.65 (95%CI 3.93–5.51) in 30–39 years, 3.67 (95%CI 3.30–4.09) in 40–59 years, and 1.67 (95%CI 1.50–1.85) in ≥60 years.

This study revealed an increased risk of autoimmune disease among CeD patients compared with controls. However, older age at CeD diagnosis did not seem to escalate the risk of autoimmune diseases.

Autoimmune disease

Case-control

Celiac disease

Delayed diagnosis

Gluten exposure

© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.