Rigi M, Almarzouqi S, Morgan M, Lee A. Papilledema: epidemiology, etiology, and clinical management. Eye Brain. 2015;7:47–57.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Costello F, Kardon RH, Wall M, Kirby P, Ryken T, Lee AG. Papilledema as the presenting manifestation of spinal schwannoma. J Neuroophthalmol. 2002;22(3):199–203.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thurtell MJ. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2019;25(5):1289–309.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crum OM, Kilgore KP, Sharma R, Lee MS, Spiegel MR, McClelland CM, Bhatti MT, Chen JJ. Etiology of papilledema in patients in the eye clinic setting. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(6):e206625.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Markey KA, Mollan SP, Jensen RH, Sinclair AJ. Understanding idiopathic intracranial hypertension: mechanisms, management, and future directions. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(1):78–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pinto VL, Tadi P, Adeyinka A. Increased intracranial pressure. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482119/ . Accessed 26 Dec 2023.

Mackay DD, Garza PS, Bruce BB, Newman NJ, Biousse V. The demise of direct ophthalmoscopy: a modern clinical challenge. Neurol Clin Pract. 2015;5(2):150–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Frisén L. Swelling of the optic nerve head: a staging scheme. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1982;45(1):13–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Scott CJ, Kardon RH, Lee AG, Frisén L, Wall M. Diagnosis and grading of papilledema in patients with raised intracranial pressure using optical coherence tomography vs clinical expert assessment using a clinical staging scale. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010;128(6):705–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nichani P, Micieli JA. Retinal Manifestations of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. Ophthalmol Retina. 2021;5(5):429–37.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bruce BB, Lamirel C, Biousse V, Ward A, Heilpern KL, Newman N, Wright DW. Non-mydriatic ocular fundus photography in the emergency department. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:387–9.

Costello F, Chen JJ. The role of optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of afferent visual pathway problems: a neuroophthalmic perspective. Handb Clin Neurol. 2021;178:97–113.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spaide RF, Koizumi H, Pozzoni MC. Enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;146(4):496–500.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Costello F, Rothenbuehler SP, Sibony PA, Hamann S. Optic disc drusen studies consortium. Diagnosing optic disc drusen in the modern imaging era: a practical approach. Neuroophthalmology. 2020;45(1):1–16.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Costello F, Malmqvist L, Hamann S. The role of optical coherence tomography in differentiating optic disc drusen from optic disc edema. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2018;7(4):271–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Carvalho ER, Maloca PM. Review of optical coherence tomography in neuro-ophthalmology. Ann Eye Sci. 2020;5:14.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yan Y, Liao YJ. Updates on ophthalmic imaging features of optic disc drusen, papilledema, and optic disc edema. Curr Opin Neurol. 2021;34(1):108–15.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fard MA, Sahraiyan A, Jalili J, Hejazi M, Suwan Y, Ritch R, Subramanian PS. Optical coherence tomography angiography in papilledema compared with pseudopapilledema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60(1):168–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pahuja A, Dhiman R, Aggarwal V, Aalok SP, Saxena R. Evaluation of peripapillary and macular optical coherence tomography angiography characteristics in different stages of papilledema. J Neuroophthalmol. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNO.0000000000001908.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rougier MB, Le Goff M, Korobelnik JF. Optical coherence tomography angiography at the acute phase of optic disc edema. Eye and Vis. 2018;5:15.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rodriguez Torres Y, Lee P, Mihlstin M, Tomsak RL. Correlation between optic disc peripapillary capillary network and papilledema grading in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension: a study of optical coherence tomography angiography. J Neuroophthalmol. 2021;41(1):48–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Malmqvist L, Bursztyn L, Costello F, Digre K, Fraser JA, Fraser C, Katz B, Lawlor M, Petzold A, Sibony P, Warner J, Wegener M, Wong S, Hamann S. The optic disc drusen studies consortium recommendations for diagnosis of optic disc drusen using optical coherence tomography. J Neuroophthalmol. 2018;38(3):299–307.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Malhotra K, Padungkiatsagul T, Moss HE. Optical coherence tomography use in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Ann Eye Sci. 2020;5:7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sibony PA, Kupersmith MJ, Feldon SE, et al. Retinal and Choroidal Folds in Papilledema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56:5670–80.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sibony PA, Kupersmith MJ, Kardon RH. Optical coherence tomography neuro-toolbox for the diagnosis and management of papilledema, optic disc edema, and pseudopapilledema. J Neuroophthalmol. 2021;41(1):77–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen BS, Meyer BI, Saindane AM, Bruce BB, Newman NJ, Biousse V. Prevalence of incidentally detected signs of intracranial hypertension on magnetic resonance imaging and their association with papilledema. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78(6):718–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gampa A, Vangipuram G, Shirazi Z, Moss HE. Quantitative association between peripapillary Bruch’s membrane shape and intracranial pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(5):2739–45.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Takkar A, Goyal MK, Bansal R, Lal V. Clinical and neuro-ophthalmologic predictors of visual outcome in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neuroophthalmology. 2018;42(4):201–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen JJ, Thurtell MJ, Longmuir RA, Garvin MK, Wang JK, Wall M, Kardon RH. Causes and prognosis of visual acuity loss at the time of initial presentation in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015;56(6):3850–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oyama H, Hattori K, Kito A, Maki H, Noda T, Wada K. Visual disturbance following shunt malfunction in a patient with congenital hydrocephalus. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2012;52(11):835–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wall M, Falardeau J, Fletcher WA, Granadier RJ, Lam BL, Longmuir RA, Patel AD, Bruce BB, He H, McDermott MP, NORDIC Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Study Group. Risk factors for poor visual outcome in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology. 2015;85(9):799–805.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mikkilineni S, Trobe JD, Cornblath WT, De Lott L. Visual field mean deviation at diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension predicts visual outcome. J Neuroophthalmol. 2019;39(2):186–90.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qiu S, Jifang Qu, Yang Bo, Song Y. Nan Bao; Permanent visual impairment due to delayed diagnosis of shunt malfunction in case of lack of typical features of increased intracranial pressure and unchanged ventricular size. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2022;57(5):306–31.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Newman NJ. Bilateral visual loss and disc edema in a 15-year-old girl. Surv Opthalmol. 1994;38(4):365–70.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pople IK. Hydrocephalus and shunts: what the neurologist should know. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73:i17–22.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Das S, Montemurro N, Ashfaq M, Ghosh D, Sarker AC, Khan AH, Dey S, Chaurasia B. Resolution of papilledema following ventriculoperitoneal shunt or endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus: a pilot study. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022;58(2):281.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bruce BB, Preechawat P, Newman NJ, Lynn MJ, Biousse V. Racial differences in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurology. 2008;70:861–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Digre KB, Corbett JJ. Pseudotumor cerebri in men. Arch Neurol. 1988;45:866–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bruce BB, Kedar S, Van Stavern GP, Monaghan D, Acierno MD, Braswell RA, Preechawat P, Corbett JJ, Newman NJ, Biousse N. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in men. Neurology. 2009;72:304–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Biousse V, Rucker JC, Vignal C, Crassard I, Katz BJ, Newman NJ. Anemia and papilledema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003;135:437–46.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Orcutt JC, Page NGR, Sanders MD. Factors affecting visual loss in benig