Polanczyk GV, Salum GA, Sugaya LS, Caye A, Rohde LA. Annual research review: a meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56(3):345–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rao WW, Xu DD, Cao XL, Wen SY, Che WI, Ng CH, et al. Prevalence of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents in China: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Psychiatry Res. 2019;272:790–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li F, Cui Y, Li Y, Guo L, Ke X, Liu J, et al. Prevalence of mental disorders in school children and adolescents in China: diagnostic data from detailed clinical assessments of 17,524 individuals. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2022;63(1):34–46.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weavers B, Heron J, Thapar AK, Stephens A, Lennon J, Bevan Jones R, et al. The antecedents and outcomes of persistent and remitting adolescent depressive symptom trajectories: a longitudinal, population-based English study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8(12):1053–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rodriguez-Ayllon M, Cadenas-Sánchez C, Estévez-López F, Muñoz NE, Mora-Gonzalez J, Migueles JH, et al. Role of physical activity and sedentary behavior in the Mental Health of Preschoolers, children and adolescents: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2019;49(9):1383–410.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Colman I, Goldfield GS, Janssen I, Wang J, Podinic I, et al. Combinations of physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep duration and their associations with depressive symptoms and other mental health problems in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):72.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tang S, Werner-Seidler A, Torok M, Mackinnon AJ, Christensen H. The relationship between screen time and mental health in young people: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2021;86:102021.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luo L, Zeng X, Cao Y, Hu Y, Wen S, Tang K et al. The associations between Meeting 24-Hour Movement guidelines (24-HMG) and Mental Health in adolescents-Cross Sectional evidence from China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(4).

Kandola A, Lewis G, Osborn DPJ, Stubbs B, Hayes JF. Depressive symptoms and objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviour throughout adolescence: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(3):262–71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Taylor RW, Haszard JJ, Healey D, Meredith-Jones KA, Taylor BJ, Galland BC. Adherence to 24-h movement behavior guidelines and psychosocial functioning in young children: a longitudinal analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2021;18(1):110.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brzęk A, Strauss M, Sanchis-Gomar F, Leischik R, Physical, Activity. Screen Time, Sedentary and Sleeping Habits of Polish Preschoolers during the COVID-19 Pandemic and WHO’s Recommendations: An Observational Cohort Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(21).

Ten Velde G, Lubrecht J, Arayess L, van Loo C, Hesselink M, Reijnders D, et al. Physical activity behaviour and screen time in Dutch children during the COVID-19 pandemic: Pre-, during- and post-school closures. Pediatr Obes. 2021;16(9):e12779.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burkart S, Parker H, Weaver RG, Beets MW, Jones A, Adams EL, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on elementary schoolers’ physical activity, sleep, screen time and diet: a quasi-experimental interrupted time series study. Pediatr Obes. 2022;17(1):e12846.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chi X, Liang K, Chen ST, Huang Q, Huang L, Yu Q, et al. Mental health problems among Chinese adolescents during the COVID-19: the importance of nutrition and physical activity. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2021;21(3):100218.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oliva S, Russo G, Gili R, Russo L, Di Mauro A, Spagnoli A, et al. Risks and protective factors Associated with Mental Health symptoms during COVID-19 home confinement in Italian children and adolescents: the #Understandingkids Study. Front Pediatr. 2021;9:664702.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gunnell KE, Flament MF, Buchholz A, Henderson KA, Obeid N, Schubert N, et al. Examining the bidirectional relationship between physical activity, screen time, and symptoms of anxiety and depression over time during adolescence. Prev Med. 2016;88:147–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McMahon EM, Corcoran P, O’Regan G, Keeley H, Cannon M, Carli V, et al. Physical activity in European adolescents and associations with anxiety, depression and well-being. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(1):111–22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weatherson K, Gierc M, Patte K, Qian W, Leatherdale ST, Faulkner G. vol 19, 100354,. Complete mental health status and associations with physical activity, screen time, and sleep in youth (2020). MENTAL HEALTH AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. 2021;20.

Krossbakken E, Pallesen S, Mentzoni RA, King DL, Molde H, Finserås TR, et al. A cross-lagged study of Developmental trajectories of Video Game Engagement, Addiction, and Mental Health. Front Psychol. 2018;9:2239.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stavrakakis N, de Jonge P, Fau - Ormel J, Ormel J, Fau - Oldehinkel AJ, Oldehinkel AJ. Bidirectional prospective associations between physical activity and depressive symptoms. The TRAILS Study. (1879–1972 (Electronic)).

Organization WH. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ): analysis guide 2010 [Available from: https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/resources/GPAQ_Analysis_Guide.pdf.

Haughton CF, Wang ML, Lemon SC. Racial/Ethnic disparities in Meeting 5-2-1-0 recommendations among children and adolescents in the United States. J Pediatr. 2016;175:188 – 94.e1.

González-Hernández J, Gómez-López M, Pérez-Turpin JA, Muñoz-Villena AJ, Andreu-Cabrera E. Perfectly active teenagers. When does Physical Exercise Help Psychological Well-being in adolescents? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(22).

Tremblay MS, Carson V, Chaput JP, Connor Gorber S, Dinh T, Duggan M, et al. Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth: an integration of physical activity, sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41(6 Suppl 3):311–27.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sanders T, Parker PD, Del Pozo-Cruz B, Noetel M, Lonsdale C. Type of screen time moderates effects on outcomes in 4013 children: evidence from the longitudinal study of Australian children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2019;16(1):117.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ahlen J, Ghaderi A. Evaluation of the children’s Depression Inventory-Short Version (CDI-S). Psychol Assess. 2017;29(9):1157–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de la Vega R, Racine M, Sánchez-Rodríguez E, Solé E, Castarlenas E, Jensen MP, et al. Psychometric properties of the short form of the children’s Depression Inventory (CDI-S) in young people with physical disabilities. J Psychosom Res. 2016;90:57–61.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guo J, Chen L, Wang X, Liu Y, Chui CH, He H, et al. The relationship between internet addiction and depression among migrant children and left-behind children in China. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2012;15(11):585–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xie X, Liu Q, Zhu K, Jiang Q, Feng Y, Xiao P, et al. Psychological symptom progression in school-aged children after COVID-19 home confinement: a longitudinal study. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:809107.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li J, Zhang W, Chen W, Yuan H, Zhang S, Tian M, et al. Applications of the Chinese version of the primary care PTSD screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5) for children. J Affect Disord. 2019;254:109–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhong Y, Huang X, Chen J, Li Y, Li Y, Chen R, et al. The role of only-child status in the effect of childhood trauma and parental rearing style on depressive symptoms in Shanghai adolescents. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1196569.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van den Heuvel MWH, Bodden DHM, Smit F, Stikkelbroek YAJ, Engels R. Evaluating effect moderators in cognitive versus behavioral based CBT-Modules and sequences towards preventing adolescent depression. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2023:1–11.

Rosseel Y. Lavaan: an R Package for Structural equation modeling. J Stat Softw. 2012;48(2):1–36.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lt H, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model. 1999;6(1):1–55.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hooper D, Coughlan J, Mullen MR. Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining Model Fit. Electron J Bus Res Methods. 2008;6(1):141–6.

Google Scholar 

Neville RD, Lakes KD, Hopkins WG, Tarantino G, Draper CE, Beck R, et al. Global changes in child and adolescent physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2022;176(9):886–94.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Madigan S, Eirich R, Pador P, McArthur BA, Neville RD. Assessment of changes in child and adolescent screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2022;176(12):1188–98.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Salway R, Walker R, Sansum K, House D, Emm-Collison L, Reid T, et al. Screen-viewing behaviours of children before and after the 2020-21 COVID-19 lockdowns in the UK: a mixed methods study. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):116.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maltagliati S, Rebar A, Fessler L, Forestier C, Sarrazin P, Chalabaev A, et al. Evolution of physical activity habits after a context change: the case of COVID-19 lockdown. Br J Health Psychol. 2021;26(4):1135–54.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bowden Davies KA, Sprung VS, Norman JA, Thompson A, Mitchell KL, Halford JCG, et al. Short-term decreased physical activity with increased sedentary behaviour causes metabolic derangements and altered body composition: effects in individuals with and without a first-degree relative with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2018;61(6):1282–94.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kang S, Sun Y, Zhang X, Sun F, Wang B, Zhu W. Is physical activity Associated with Mental Health among Chinese adolescents during isolation in COVID-19 pandemic? J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2021;11(1):26–33.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lubans D, Richards J, Hillman C, Faulkner G, Beauchamp M, Nilsson M et al. Physical Activity for Cognitive and Mental Health in Youth: a systematic review of mechanisms. Pediatrics. 2016;138(3).

Doré I, Sylvester B, Sabiston C, Sylvestre MP, O’Loughlin J, Brunet J, et al. Mechanisms underpinning the association between physical activity and mental health in adolescence: a 6-year study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Houghton S, Lawrence D, Hunter SC, Rosenberg M, Zadow C, Wood L, et al. Reciprocal relationships between trajectories of depressive symptoms and screen media use during adolescence. J Youth Adolesc. 2018;47(11):2453–67.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central