Childhood obesity facts | Overweight & obesity | CDC. Published July 27, 2022. Accessed July 20, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html.

Kansra AR, Lakkunarajah S, Jay MS. Childhood and adolescent obesity: A review. Front Pediatr. 2020;8: 581461. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.581461.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Malley GC, Shultz SP, Thivel D, Tsiros MD. Neuromusculoskeletal health in pediatric obesity: Incorporating evidence into clinical examination. Curr Obes Rep. 2021;10(4):467–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-021-00463-9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rao WW, Zong QQ, Zhang JW, et al. Obesity increases the risk of depression in children and adolescents: Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2020;267:78–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.154.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moradi M, Mozaffari H, Askari M, Azadbakht L. Association between overweight/obesity with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(2):555–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1823813.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lindberg L, Hagman E, Danielsson P, Marcus C, Persson M. Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with obesity: A nationwide study in Sweden. BMC Med. 2020;18:30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-1498-z.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Simmonds M, Llewellyn A, Owen CG, Woolacott N. Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis: Adult obesity from childhood obesity. Obes Rev. 2016;17(2):95–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12334.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nicolucci A, Maffeis C. The adolescent with obesity: What perspectives for treatment? Ital J Pediatr. 2022;48(1):9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-022-01205-w.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Franks PW, Hanson RL, Knowler WC, Sievers ML, Bennett PH, Looker HC. Childhood obesity, other cardiovascular risk factors, and premature death. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(6):485–93. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0904130.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mohammadian Khonsari N, Shahrestanaki E, Ehsani A, et al. Association of childhood and adolescence obesity with incidence and mortality of adulthood cancers. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2023;14. Accessed August 31, 2023. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2023.1069164

Hill AJ, Pruckner GJ, Schober T. Childhood obesity and health care utilization: Empirical evidence from Austrian administrative data. Childhood Obesity. Published online September 13, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2022.0011.

Hasan T, Ainscough TS, West J, Fraser LK. Healthcare utilisation in overweight and obese children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2020;10(10): e035676. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035676.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ling J, Chen S, Zahry NR, Kao TA. Economic burden of childhood overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obesity Reviews. 2023;24(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13535.

CDC. BMI for children and teens. Centers for disease control and prevention. Published March 21, 2023. Accessed August 31, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/basics/childhood-defining.html.

Hales CM, Freedman D, Akinbami L, Wei R, Ogden C. Evaluation of alternative body mass index (BMI) metrics to monitor weight status in children and adolescents with extremely high BMI using CDC BMI-for-age growth charts. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.); 2022. https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc:121711.

Poirier P, Alpert MA, Fleisher LA, et al. Cardiovascular evaluation and management of severely obese patients undergoing surgery: A science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2009;120(1):86–95. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192575.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rabbani B, Chiti H, Sharifi F, Mazloomzadeh S. Effect of lifestyle modification for two years on obesity and metabolic syndrome components in elementary students: A community- based trial. Caspian J Intern Med. 2022;13(3):555–66. https://doi.org/10.22088/cjim.13.3.555.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Çamtosun E, Akıncı A, Kayaş L, Çiftci N, Tekedereli İ. Liraglutide treatment in a morbidly obese adolescent with a MC4R gene variant: Side effects reduce success. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2023;15(2):225–9. https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2021.2021.0158.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Kelly AS, Auerbach P, Barrientos-Perez M, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of liraglutide for adolescents with obesity. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(22):2117–2128. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1916038. This study provides recent and high-quality evidence regarding pharmacological management of obesity in adolescents.

FDA approves semaglutide for obesity in adolescents. Contemporary Pediatrics. Published January 3, 2023. Accessed July 20, 2023. https://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/view/fda-approves-semaglutide-for-obesity-in-adolescents.

• Weghuber D, Barrett T, Barrientos-Pérez M, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adolescents with obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(24):2245–2257. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2208601. This study provides recent and high-quality evidence regarding pharmacological management of obesity in adolescents.

• Kelly AS, Arslanian S, Hesse D, et al. Reducing BMI below the obesity threshold in adolescents treated with once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg. Obesity (Silver Spring). Published online May 17, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23808. This study provides recent and high-quality evidence regarding pharmacological management of obesity in adolescents.

Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205–16. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206038.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kelly AS, Bensignor MO, Hsia DS, et al. Phentermine/topiramate for the treatment of adolescent obesity. NEJM Evid. 2022;1(6). https://doi.org/10.1056/evidoa2200014.

Singhal V, Sella AC, Malhotra S. Pharmacotherapy in pediatric obesity: Current evidence and landscape. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2021;28(1):55–63. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000587.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Faria GR. A brief history of bariatric surgery. Porto Biomed J. 2017;2(3):90–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbj.2017.01.008.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Childhood and adolescent obesity | Patient learning center. Accessed July 20, 2023. https://asmbs.org/patients/adolescent-obesity.

Bariatric surgery procedures | ASMBS. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Accessed August 31, 2023. https://asmbs.org/patients/bariatric-surgery-procedures.

Lo HC. The learning curve of one anastomosis gastric bypass and its impact as a preceding procedure to Roux-en Y gastric bypass: Initial experience of one hundred and five consecutive cases. BMC Surg. 2020;20(1):37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12893-020-00697-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beitner M, Luo Y, Kurian M. Procedural changes to decrease complications in laparoscopic gastric bypass. JSLS. 2015;19(1):e2014.00256. https://doi.org/10.4293/JSLS.2014.00256.

Benaiges D, Más-Lorenzo A, Goday A, et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: More than a restrictive bariatric surgery procedure? World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(41):11804–14. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11804.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ali M, Khan SA, Mushtaq M, Haider SA. Comparison of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) with laparoscopic gastric bypass (LRYGB) in bariatric surgery. Cureus. 13(3):e14022. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.14022.

Chacon D, Bernardino T, Geraghty F, et al. Bariatric surgery with roux-En-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy for treatment of obesity and comorbidities: Current evidence and practice. Cureus. 14(6):e25762. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.25762.

Sethi P, Thillai M, Nain PS, Ahuja A, Aulakh N, Khurana P. Role of hunger hormone “ghrelin” in long-term weight loss following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Niger J Surg. 2018;24(2):121–4. https://doi.org/10.4103/njs.NJS_24_17.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bhandari M, Reddy M, Kosta S, Mathur W, Fobi M. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy versus laparoscopic gastric bypass: A retrospective cohort study. Int J Surg. 2019;67:47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.05.004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goel D, Goyal A, Vats R, Bhalla VP. Current status of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy as a standalone procedure for obesity based on an extensive review of literature. Current Medicine Research and Practice. 2017;7(4):146–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmrp.2017.07.007.

Article  Google Scholar 

Xanthakos SA, Khoury JC, Inge TH, et al. Nutritional risks in adolescents after bariatric surgery. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(5):1070-1081.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2019.10.048.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Soper RT, Mason EE, Printen KJ, Zellweger H. Gastric bypass for morbid obesity in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Surg. 1975;10(1):51–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3468(75)80008-x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anderson AE, Soper RT, Scott DH. Gastric bypass for morbid obesity in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Surg. 1980;15(6):876–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3468(80)80297-1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Collins J, Mattar S, Qureshi F, et al. Initial outcomes of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in morbidly obese adolescents. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases. 2007;3(2):147–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2006.12.002.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nadler EP, Youn HA, Ren CJ, Fielding GA. An update on 73 US obese pediatric patients treated with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding: Comorbidity resolution and compliance data. J Pediatr Surg. 2008;43(1):141–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.09.035.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Till H, Blüher S, Hirsch W, Kiess W. Efficacy of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) as a stand-alone technique for children with morbid obesity. Obes Surg. 2008;18(8):1047–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-008-9543-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Inge TH, Courcoulas AP, Jenkins TM, et al. Weight loss and health status 3 years after bariatric surgery in adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(2):113–23. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506699.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olbers T, Beamish AJ, Gronowitz E, et al. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in adolescents with severe obesity (AMOS): A prospective, 5-year. Swedish nationwide study Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(3):174–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30424-7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

• Järvholm K, Janson A, Peltonen M, et al. Metabolic and bariatric surgery versus intensive non-surgical treatment for adolescents with severe obesity (AMOS2): A multicentre, randomised, controlled trial in Sweden. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 2023;7(4):249–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(22)00373-X. This study provides high quality and recent evidence comparing surgical and non-surgical interventions for adolescents with severe obesity.