The human intestine serves as the primary residence for immune cells, comprising an estimated 70–80 % of the total immune cell population [36]. Additionally, the gut harbors a diverse array of microbial strains, with research indicating the presence of over 1013 microorganisms, the composition of which is influenced by factors like diet, age, medication use, and underlying health conditions [8]. In fact, every gram of intestinal contents can contain as many as 1012 microorganisms, which have the potential to trigger inflammatory responses, thereby playing pivotal roles in the development of sepsis [4].

Sepsis is a clinical syndrome resulting in multi-organ dysfunction, caused by an imbalanced host response to pathogens [3].Disruption of intestinal barrier function leads to microbial translocation, increased systemic inflammation, and ultimately, multi-organ failure and mortality [10], [21]. Additionally, septic shock, due to the host's dysregulated inflammatory response, can result in circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities [2]. The mucous layer serves as the first line of defense for the intestinal mucosal barrier and the gastrointestinal tract, underscoring the importance of preserving intestinal barrier function in preventing sepsis [40].

Liensinine, a naturally occurring bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, is derived from the embryonic seeds of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn [37]. Studies have demonstrated its efficacy in treating sepsis-related brain disorders and reducing oxidative stress and damage in splenic tissue during sepsis [43], [44]. However, its potential role in the treatment of septic intestinal injury remains unexplored, and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of Liensinine on septic intestinal injury, elucidating its capacity to mitigate intestinal damage and maintain intestinal barrier function through a specific pathway.