Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cronin KA, Scott S, Firth AU, Sung H, Henley SJ, Sherman RL, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, part 1: National cancer statistics. Cancer. 2022;128(24):4251–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pignon JP, Tribodet H, Scagliotti GV, Douillard JY, Shepherd FA, Stephens RJ, et al. Lung adjuvant cisplatin evaluation: a pooled analysis by the LACE Collaborative Group. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(21):3552–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gandhi L, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Gadgeel S, Esteban E, Felip E, De Angelis F, et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(22):2078–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paz-Ares L, Ciuleanu TE, Cobo M, Schenker M, Zurawski B, Menezes J, et al. First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab combined with two cycles of chemotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 9LA): an international, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(2):198–211.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reck M, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG, Hui R, Csoszi T, Fulop A, et al. Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for PD-L1-positive non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1823–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bodor JN, Boumber Y, Borghaei H. Biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibition in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Cancer. 2020;126(2):260–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garon EB, Rizvi NA, Hui R, Leighl N, Balmanoukian AS, Eder JP, et al. Pembrolizumab for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(21):2018–28.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu T, Yang X, Huang Y, Zhao M, Li M, Ma K, et al. Trends in the incidence, treatment, and survival of patients with lung cancer in the last four decades. Cancer Manag Res. 2019;11:943–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Antonia SJ, Villegas A, Daniel D, Vicente D, Murakami S, Hui R, et al. Durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(20):1919–29.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spigel DR, Faivre-Finn C, Gray JE, Vicente D, Planchard D, Paz-Ares L, et al. Five-year survival outcomes from the PACIFIC trial: durvalumab after chemoradiotherapy in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(12):1301–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Felip E, Altorki N, Zhou C, Csoszi T, Vynnychenko I, Goloborodko O, et al. Adjuvant atezolizumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in resected stage IB-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer (IMpower010): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2021;398(10308):1344–1357. Phase III trial demonstrating a significant DFS benefit with adjuvant atezolizumab as compared to best supportive care in patients with resected stage II – IIIA, PD-L1 ≥ 1% NSCLC. Findings from this study led to the first FDA approval of a checkpoint inhibitor to be used in the adjuvant setting in NSCLC. This approval is just for NSCLC tumors with PD-L1 ≥ 1% expression.

FDA approves atezolizumab as adjuvant treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. October 15, 2021. Accessed on 8/1/2023 at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-atezolizumab-adjuvant-treatment-non-small-cell-lung-cancer#:~:text=FDA%20approves%20atezolizumab%20as%20adjuvant%20treatment%20for%20non%2Dsmall%20cell%20lung%20cancer,-Share&text=On%20October%2015%2C%202021%2C%20the,Tecentriq%2C%20Genentech%2C%20Inc.). 2021;2023(8/1/2023).

EMA Recommends Extension of therapeutic indications for atezolizumab. 24 May 2022. Access on 8/1/23 at https://www.esmo.org/oncology-news/ema-recommends-extension-of-therapeutic-indications-for-atezolizumab.

O'Brien M, Paz-Ares L, Marreaud S, Dafni U, Oselin K, Havel L, et al. Pembrolizumab versus placebo as adjuvant therapy for completely resected stage IB-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer (PEARLS/KEYNOTE-091): an interim analysis of a randomised, triple-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2022;23(10):1274–1286. Phase III trial demonstrating a significant DFS benefit with adjuvant pembrolizumab as compared to placebo in patients with resected stage IB – IIIA NSCLC. Findings from this study led to the FDA approval of pembrolizumab in the adjuvant setting in NSCLC, irrespective of tumor PD-L1 expression.

Bodor JN, Bauman JR, Handorf EA, Ross EA, Clapper ML, Treat J. Real-world progression-free survival (rwPFS) and the impact of PD-L1 and smoking in driver-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with immunotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2023;149(5):1755–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gainor JF, Shaw AT, Sequist LV, Fu X, Azzoli CG, Piotrowska Z, et al. EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements are associated with low response rates to PD-1 pathway blockade in non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective analysis. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22(18):4585–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee CK, Man J, Lord S, Links M, Gebski V, Mok T, et al. Checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer-a meta-analysis. J Thorac Oncol. 2017;12(2):403–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

FDA approves pembrolizumab as adjuvant treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. January 26, 2023. Accessed on 8/1/2023 at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-pembrolizumab-adjuvant-treatment-non-small-cell-lung-cancer.

Hellmann MD, Chaft JE, William WN Jr, Rusch V, Pisters KM, Kalhor N, et al. Pathological response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in resectable non-small-cell lung cancers: proposal for the use of major pathological response as a surrogate endpoint. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(1):e42-50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rusch VW, Nicholas A, Patterson GA, Waqar SN, Toloza EM, Haura EB, et al. Surgical results of the Lung Cancer Mutation Consortium 3 trial: a phase II multicenter single-arm study to investigate the efficacy and safety of atezolizumab as neoadjuvant therapy in patients with stages IB-select IIIB resectable non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022.

Cascone T, William WN Jr, Weissferdt A, Leung CH, Lin HY, Pataer A, et al. Neoadjuvant nivolumab or nivolumab plus ipilimumab in operable non-small cell lung cancer: the phase 2 randomized NEOSTAR trial. Nat Med. 2021;27(3):504–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Provencio M, Nadal E, Gonzalez-Larriba JL, Martinez-Marti A, Bernabe R, Bosch-Barrera J, et al. Perioperative nivolumab and chemotherapy in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(6):504–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Forde PM, Spicer J, Lu S, Provencio M, Mitsudomi T, Awad MM, et al. Neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy in resectable lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(21):1973–1985. Phase III trial demonstrating a significant EFS and pCR benefit with neoadjuvant nivolumab plus platinum-based chemotherapy as compared to chemotherapy alone in patients with resectable stage IB to IIIA NSCLC. Findings from this study led to the first FDA approval of a checkpoint inhibitor plus chemotherapy regimen to be used in the neoadjuvant setting in NSCLC.

FDA approves neoadjuvant nivolumab and platinum-doublet chemotherapy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. March 4. 2022. Access on 8/1/23 at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-neoadjuvant-nivolumab-and-platinum-doublet-chemotherapy-early-stage-non-small-cell-lung.

Girard N, Spicer J, Provencio M, Lu S, Wang C. et al. Neoadjuvant nivolumab (N) + platinum-doublet chemotherapy (C) for resectable NSCLC: 3-y update from CheckMate 816. European Lung Cancer Congress 2023, Abstract 84O.

Heymach JV, Harpole D, Mitsudomi T, Taube JM, Galffy G, et al. AEGEAN: a phase 3 trial of neoadjuvant durvalumab + chemotherapy followed by adjuvant durvalumab in patients with resectable NSCLC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 2 (Clinical Trials and Late-Breaking Research); 2023 Apr 14–19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(8_Suppl):Abstract nr CT005.

Wakelee H, Liberman M, Kato T, Tsuboi M, Lee SH, Gao S, et al. Perioperative pembrolizumab for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(6):491–503.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

NCCN Guidelines Version 3.2023. Non-small cell lung cancer, NSCL-E. Accessed on 11/1/2023 at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/nscl.pdf.

Mazieres J, Drilon A, Lusque A, Mhanna L, Cortot AB, Mezquita L, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for patients with advanced lung cancer and oncogenic driver alterations: results from the IMMUNOTARGET registry. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(8):1321–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Borghaei H, Paz-Ares L, Horn L, Spigel DR, Steins M, Ready NE, et al. Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(17):1627–39.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiang Q, Xie M, He M, Yan F, Zhang X, Yu S. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies versus docetaxel in patients with previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncotarget. 2018;9(7):7672–83.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu YL, Tsuboi M, He J, John T, Grohe C, Majem M, et al. Osimertinib in resected EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(18):1711–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsuboi M, Herbst RS, John T, Kato T, Majem M, Grohe C, et al. Overall survival with osimertinib in resected EGFR-mutated NSCLC. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(2):137–47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tie J, Cohen JD, Lahouel K, Lo SN, Wang Y, Kosmider S, et al. Circulating tumor DNA analysis guiding adjuvant therapy in stage II colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(24):2261–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Waldeck S, Mitschke J, Wiesemann S, Rassner M, Andrieux G, Deuter M, et al. Early assessment of circulating tumor DNA after curative-intent resection predicts tumor recurrence in early-stage and locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Mol Oncol. 2022;16(2):527–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar