Aflakseir, A., & Coleman, P. G. (2009). The influence of religious coping on the mental health of disabled Iranian war veterans. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 12(2), 175–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670802428563

Article  Google Scholar 

Akbari, M., Alavi, M., Irajpour, A., & Maghsoudi, J. (2018). Challenges of family caregivers of patients with mental disorders in Iran: A narrative review. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 23(5), 329–337. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_122_17

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

American Psychiatric Association, D. S. M. T. F., & American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (Vol. 5, No. 5). Washington, DC: American psychiatric association.

Ano, G. G., & Pargament, K. I. (2013). Predictors of spiritual struggles: An exploratory study. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 16(4), 419–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2012.680434

Article  Google Scholar 

Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (1999). Facilitating posttraumatic growth: A clinician’s guide. Lawrence Erlbaum.

Book  Google Scholar 

Drescher, K. D., & Foy, D. W. (1995). Spirituality and trauma treatment: Suggestions for including spirituality as a coping resource. National Center for PTSD Clinical Quarterly, 5(1), 4–5.

Google Scholar 

Drescher, K. D., & Foy, D. W. (2008). When they come home: Posttraumatic stress, moral injury, and spiritual consequences for veterans. Reflective Practice: Formation and Supervision in Ministry, 28, 85–102.

Google Scholar 

Evans, W. R., Stanley, M. A., Barrera, T. L., Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., & Teng, E. J. (2018). Morally injurious events and psychological distress among veterans: Examining the mediating role of religious and spiritual struggles. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(3), 360–367. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000347

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Exline, J. J., & Rose, E. (2005). Religious and spiritual struggles. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 315–330). Guilford Press.

Google Scholar 

Fontana, A., & Rosenheck, R. (2004). Trauma, change in strength of religious faith, and mental health service use among veterans treated for PTSD. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(9), 579–584. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000138224.17375.55

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galovski, T., & Lyons, J. A. (2004). Psychological sequelae of combat violence: A review of the impact of PTSD on the veteran’s family and possible interventions. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9(5), 477–501.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ghaempanah, Z., Memaryan, N., Kochakzaei, M., Atoofi, M. K., & Ebrahim, A. F. M. (2018). Spiritual interventions for preventing HIV/AIDS in Iran. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 9(3), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.4103/japtr.JAPTR_292_18

Article  Google Scholar 

Gheshlagh, R. G., Nazari, M., Restgoo, F., Dalvand, S., Farajzadeh, M., & Ebadi, A. (2018). Quality of life in Iranian war veterans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Military Medicine, 19(6), 523–531.

Google Scholar 

Graneheim, U. H., Lindgren, B.-M., & Lundman, B. (2017). Methodological challenges in qualitative content analysis: A discussion paper. Nurse Education Today, 56, 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.06.002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guba, E. G. (1981). Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. Educational Technology Research and Development, 29(2), 75–91.

Google Scholar 

Gubkin, R. (2016). An exploration of spirituality and the traumatizing experiences of combat. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 56(4), 311–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167814563142

Article  Google Scholar 

Haghnia, Y., Samad-Soltani, T., Yousefi, M., Sadr, H., & Rezaei-Hachesu, P. (2019). Telepsychiatry-based care for the treatment follow-up of Iranian war veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 44(4), 291–298. https://doi.org/10.30476/IJMS.2019.44944

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hassankhani, H., Taleghani, F., Mills, J., Birks, M., Francis, K., & Ahmadi, F. (2010). The challenges experienced by Iranian war veterans living with chemical warfare poisoning: A descriptive, exploratory study. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 24(2), 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.2009.00719.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Helman, C. G. (2007). Culture, health and illness. CRC press.

Himes, M. J., Pilarsi, J., & McNeill, D. P. (2014). Doing the truth in love: Conversations about God, relationships, and service. Paulist Press.

Hood, R. W., Jr., Hill, P. C., & Spilka, B. (2009). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach (4th ed.). Guilford Press.

Huitink, Z. S., Armstrong, N. J., Hidek, M. A., & Birnbaum, N. (2018). Improving the delivery of services and care for veterans: A case study. IBM Center for the Business of Government.

Kavita, M. D., & Pargament, K. I. (2015). Predictors of growth and decline following spiritual struggles. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 25(1), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2013.847697

Article  Google Scholar 

Koenig, H. G. (2010). Spirituality and mental health. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 7(2), 116–122. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps.239

Article  Google Scholar 

Kopacz, M. S., & Connery, A. L. (2015). The veteran spiritual struggle. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 2(1), 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000059

Article  Google Scholar 

Kopacz, M. S., Feldstein, B. D., Asekoff, C. A., Kaprow, M. S., Smith-Coggins, R., & Connery, A. L. (2016). A preliminary study examining chaplains’ support for veterans at the end of life. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 22(6), 300–302. https://doi.org/10.12968/ijpn.2016.22.6.300

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kopacz, M. S., Kane, C. P., Pigeon, W. R., & Nieuwsma, J. A. (2017). Chaplaincy encounters following a suicide attempt. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 23(4), 167–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/08854726.2017.1312813

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kopacz, M. S., Lockman, J., Lusk, J., Bryan, C. J., Park, C. L., Sheu, S. C., & Gibson, W. C. (2019). How meaningful is meaning-making? New Ideas in Psychology, 54, 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2019.02.001

Article  Google Scholar 

Kopacz, M. S., O’Reilly, L. M., Van Inwagen, C. C., Bleck-Doran, T. L., Smith, W. D., & Cornell, N. (2014). Understanding the role of chaplains in veteran suicide prevention efforts: A discussion paper. Sage Open, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014553589

Korstjens, I., & Moser, A. (2018). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 4: Trustworthiness and publishing. European Journal of General Practice, 24(1), 120–124.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000014671.27856.7e

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2005). The human capacity for growth through adversity. American Psychologist, 60, 262–264. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.60.3.262b

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

MacDermott, D. (2010). Psychological hardiness and meaning making as protection against sequelae in veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 12(3), 199–206.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mihaljević, S., Aukst-Margetić, B., Vuksan-Ćusa, B., Koić, E., & Milošević, M. (2012). Hopelessness, suicidality and religious coping in Croatian war veterans with PTSD. Psychiatria Danubina, 24(3), 292–297.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Owens, G. P., Steger, M. F., Whitesell, A. A., & Herrera, C. J. (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder, guilt, depression, and meaning in life among military veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(6), 654–657. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20460

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. Guilford Press.

Google Scholar 

Pargament, K. I., Murray-Swank, N. A., Magyar, G. M., & Ano, G. G. (2005). Spiritual struggle: A phenomenon of interest to psychology and religion. In W. R. Miller & H. D. Delaney (Eds.), Judeo-Christian perspectives on psychology: Human nature, motivation, and change (pp. 245–268). American Psychological Association.

Pargament, K. I., Desai, K. M., & McConnell, K. M. (2006). Spirituality: A pathway to posttraumatic growth or decline? In L. G. Calhoun & R. G. Tedeschi (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research & practice (pp. 121–137). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Google Scholar 

Pargament, K. I., Feuille, M., & Burdzy, D. (2011). The brief RCOPE: Current psychometric status of a short measure of religious coping. Religions, 2, 51–76. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel2010051

Article  Google Scholar 

Pargament, K. I., Wong, S., & Exline, J. J. (2016). Wholeness and holiness: The spiritual dimension of eudaimonics. In J. Vittersø (Ed.), Handbook of eudaimonic well-being (pp. 379–394). Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_25

Pearce, M., Haynes, K., Rivera, N. R., & Koenig, H. G. (2018). Spiritually integrated cognitive processing therapy: A new treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder that targets moral injury. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 7, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2164956118759939

Article  Google Scholar 

Quiros, L., & Berger, R. (2015). Responding to the socio-political complexity of trauma: An integration of theory and practice. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 20(2), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2013.836353

Article  Google Scholar 

Raines, A. M., Currier, J., McManus, E. S., Walton, J. L., Uddo, M., & Franklin, C. L. (2017). Spiritual struggles and suicide in veterans seeking PTSD treatment. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(6), 746–749. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000239

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Richardson, R. D. (2019). Suicide prevention through spiritual care: A guide for United States military veterans [Doctoral dissertation, Liberty University School of Divinity]. Digital Commons.

Rieselbach, R. E., Epperly, T., Nycz, G., & Shin, P. (2019). Community health centers could provide better outsourced primary care for veterans. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 34(1), 150–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-018-4691-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salarian, A., Mohammadi, H., & Dargahi, H. (2019). Evaluation of the quality of health care services of the injured and chemical veterans during the holy defense period since the time of injury in Kashan in 2017. Iranian Journal of War and Public Health, 11(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.29252/ijwph.11.1.15

Article  Google Scholar 

Shirzad, F., Ghaempanah, Z., Safavifar, F., Biglari Abhari, M., Shamsaei, M. M., Bilynskyy, S., & Koenig, H. (2020). Islam and mental health: Translation, book review, and commentary by religious scholars and mental health professionals. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, Advance Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2020.1829525

Article  Google Scholar 

Smith-MacDonald, L., Norris, J. M., Raffin-Bouchal, S., & Sinclair, S. (2017). Spirituality and mental well-being in combat veterans: A systematic review. Military Medicine, 182(11), e1920–e1940. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-17-00099

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steger, M. F., Owens, G. P., & Park, C. L. (2015). Violations of war: Testing the meaning-making model among Vietnam veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(1), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22121

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sullivan, W. P., & Starnino, V. R. (2019). “Staring into the abyss”: Veterans’ accounts of moral injuries and spiritual challenges. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 22(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2019.1578952

Article