Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146–M156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013; 381: 752–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Middleton R, Poveda JL, Orfila Pernas F, et al. Mortality, Falls, and Fracture Risk Are Positively Associated With Frailty: A SIDIAP Cohort Study of 890,000 Patients. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2022;77(1):148–154. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glab102.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kojima G, Iliffe S, Jivraj S, Walters K. Association between frailty and quality of life among community-dwelling older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016;70(7):716–721. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-206717.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu M, Hou T, Nkimbeng M, et al. Associations between symptoms of pain, insomnia and depression, and frailty in older adults: A cross-sectional analysis of a cohort study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2021;117:103873. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnuretu.2021.103873.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rockwood K, Mitnitski A. Frailty in relation to the accumulation of deficits. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007;62(7):722–727. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/62.7.722.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yannakoulia M, Ntanasi E, Anastasiou CA, Scarmeas N. Frailty and nutrition: From epidemiological and clinical evidence to potential mechanisms. Metabolism. 2017;68:64–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2016.12.005.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Konglevoll DM, Hjartåker A, Hopstock LA, et al. Protein Intake and the Risk of Pre-Frailty and Frailty in Norwegian Older Adults. The Tromsø Study 1994–2016. J Frailty Aging. 2022;11(3):256–266. doi:https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2022.16.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mendonça N, Kingston A, Granic A, Jagger C. Protein intake and transitions between frailty states and to death in very old adults: the Newcastle 85+ study. Age Ageing. 2019;49(1):32–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz142.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Coelho-Junior HJ, Calvani R, Picca A, Tosato M, Landi F, Marzetti E. Protein Intake and Frailty in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutrients. 2022;14(13):2767. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132767.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Coelho-Junior HJ, Marzetti E, Picca A, Cesari M, Uchida MC, Calvani R. Protein Intake and Frailty: A Matter of Quantity, Quality, and Timing. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):2915. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102915.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dent E, Martin FC, Bergman H, Woo J, Romero-Ortuno R, Walston JD. Management of frailty: opportunities, challenges, and future directions. Lancet. 2019;394(10206):1376–1386. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31785-4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Landi F, Calvani R, Tosato M, et al. Protein Intake and Muscle Health in Old Age: From Biological Plausibility to Clinical Evidence. Nutrients. 2016;8(5):295. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8050295.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Keller HH. Promoting food intake in older adults living in the community: a review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007;32(6):991–1000. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/H07-067.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou C, Wu Q, Ye Z, et al. Inverse Association Between Variety of Proteins With Appropriate Quantity From Different Food Sources and New-Onset Hypertension. Hypertension. 2022;79(5):1017–1027. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.18222.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou C, Liu C, Zhang Z, et al. Variety and quantity of dietary protein intake from different sources and risk of new-onset diabetes: a Nationwide Cohort Study in China. BMC Med. 2022;20(1):6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-021-02199-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Isanejad M, Sirola J, Rikkonen T, et al. Higher protein intake is associated with a lower likelihood of frailty among older women, Kuopio OSTPRE-Fracture Prevention Study. Eur J Nutr. 2020;59(3):1181–1189. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-01978-7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Struijk EA, Fung TT, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, et al. Protein intake and risk of frailty among older women in the Nurses’ Health Study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2022;13(3):1752–1761. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12972

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zeng Y, Feng Q, Gu D, Vaupel JW. Demographics, phenotypic health characteristics and genetic analysis of centenarians in China. Mech Ageing Dev. 2017;165(Pt B):86–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2016.12.010

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yi Z. Introduction to the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). In: Yi Z, Poston DL, Vlosky DA, Gu D, editors. Healthy Longevity in China: Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Psychological Dimensions. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2008. pp. 23–38.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Lv X, Sun S, Wang J, et al. Anti-Inflammatory Dietary Diversity and Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Analysis. Nutrients. 2022;14(23):5062. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235062

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yin Z, Fei Z, Qiu C, et al. Dietary Diversity and Cognitive Function among Elderly People: A Population-Based Study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2017;21(10):1089–1094. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-017-0912-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang XM, Zhong WF, Li ZH, et al. Dietary diversity and frailty among older Chinese people: evidence from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023;117(2):383–391. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.11.017.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kennedy G, Ballard T, Dop MC. Guidelines for measuring household and individual dietary diversity. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2011. p26.

Searle SD, Mitnitski A, Gahbauer EA, Gill TM, Rockwood K. A standard procedure for creating a frailty index. BMC Geriatr. 2008;8:24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-8-24.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen CL, Cai AP, Nie ZQ, Huang YQ, Feng YQ. Systolic Blood Pressure and Mortality in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Role of Frailty. J Nutr Health Aging. 2022;26(10):962–970. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-022-1850-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu ZY, Wei YZ, Wei LQ, et al. Frailty transitions and types of death in Chinese older adults: a population-based cohort study. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:947–956. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S157089

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hoover M, Rotermann M, Sanmartin C, Bernier J. Validation of an index to estimate the prevalence of frailty among community-dwelling seniors. Health Rep. 2013;24(9):10–17.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zheng J, Zhou R, Li F, et al. Association between dietary diversity and cognitive impairment among the oldest-old: Findings from a nationwide cohort study. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(4):1452–1462. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.041

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao J, Wang Y, Xu J, Jiang J, Yang S, Xiao Q. Life expectancy among older adults with or without frailty in China: multistate modelling of a national longitudinal cohort study. BMC Med. 2023;21(1):101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-02825-7

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nanri H, Yamada Y, Yoshida T, et al. Sex Difference in the Association Between Protein Intake and Frailty: Assessed Using the Kihon Checklist Indexes Among Older Adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018;19(9):801–805. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2018.04.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sandoval-Insausti H, Pérez-Tasigchana RF, López-García E, García-Esquinas E, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Guallar-Castillón P. Macronutrients Intake and Incident Frailty in Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71(10):1329–1334. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw033.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu SY, Yeh NH, Chang HY, et al. Adequate protein intake in older adults in the context of frailty: cross-sectional results of the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan 2014–2017. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(2):649–660. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab070.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beasley JM, LaCroix AZ, Neuhouser ML, et al. Protein intake and incident frailty in the Women’s Health Initiative observational study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(6):1063–1071. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.02866.x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rahi B, Colombet Z, Gonzalez-Colaço Harmand M, et al. Higher Protein but Not Energy Intake Is Associated With a Lower Prevalence of Frailty Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in the French Three-City Cohort. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(7):672.e7–672.e11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2016.05.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Michel JP. Sarcopenia: A useful paradigm for phy