Cook MD, Karim SA, Jensen HK, Bennett JL, Burdine LJ, Bhavaraju A, et al. Percutaneous cholecystostomy tubes versus medical management for acute cholecystitis. Am Surg. 2022;88(5):828–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gallaher JR, Charles A. Acute cholecystitis: a review. JAMA. 2022;327(10):965–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yokoe M, Hata J, Takada T, Strasberg SM, Asbun HJ, Wakabayashi G, et al. Tokyo Guidelines 2018: diagnostic criteria and severity grading of acute cholecystitis (with videos). J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2018;25(1):41–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kiewiet JJ, Leeuwenburgh MM, Bipat S, Bossuyt PM, Stoker J, Boermeester MA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic performance of imaging in acute cholecystitis. Radiology. 2012;264(3):708–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McInnes MDF, Moher D, Thombs BD, McGrath TA, Bossuyt PM, the P-DTAG, et al. Preferred reporting items for a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies: the PRISMA-DTA statement. JAMA. 2018;319(4):388–96.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whiting PF, Rutjes AW, Westwood ME, Mallett S, Deeks JJ, Reitsma JB, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155(8):529–36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reitsma JB, Glas AS, Rutjes AW, Scholten RJ, Bossuyt PM, Zwinderman AH. Bivariate analysis of sensitivity and specificity produces informative summary measures in diagnostic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol. 2005;58(10):982–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deeks JJ, Macaskill P, Irwig L. The performance of tests of publication bias and other sample size effects in systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy was assessed. J Clin Epidemiol. 2005;58(9):882–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dumbrava BD, Bass GA, Jumean A, Birido N, Corbally M, Pereira J, et al. The accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in acute gallbladder disease. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(7):1248.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zitek T, Fernandez S, Newberry MA, De Oca RM, Kinas D, Kheradia T, et al. The use of additional imaging studies after biliary point-of-care ultrasound in the emergency department. Emerg Radiol. 2023;30(1):19–26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martin WT, Stewart K, Sarwar Z, Kennedy R, Quang C, Albrecht R, et al. Clinical diagnosis of cholecystitis in emergency department patients with cholelithiasis is indication for urgent cholecystectomy: a comparison of clinical, ultrasound, and pathologic diagnosis. Am J Surg. 2022;224(1 Pt A):80–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wehrle CJ, Talukder A, Tien L, Parikh S, Devarakonda A, Holsten SB, et al. The accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Am Surg. 2022;88(2):267–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharif S, Vlahaki D, Skitch S, Truong J, Freeman S, Sidalak D, et al. Evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound for cholelithiasis and cholecystitis in a canadian emergency department. CJEM. 2021;23(5):626–30.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evans DP, Tozer J, Taylor L, Vitto MJ, Joyce M. A retrospective evaluation of point of care ultrasound for acute cholecystitis in a tertiary academic hospital setting. Ultrasound J. 2021;13(1):28.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Perez MG, Tse JR, Bird KN, Liang T, Brooke Jeffrey R, Kamaya A. Cystic artery velocity as a predictor of acute cholecystitis. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2021;46(10):4720–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shaish H, Ma HY, Ahmed FS. The utility of an under-distended gallbladder on ultrasound in ruling out acute cholecystitis. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2021;46(6):2498–504.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

MacDonald AA, Richardson M, Sue L, Hakiwai A, Stephenson G, Harman R, et al. Bedside ultrasonography for acute gallstone disease: a diagnostic accuracy study of surgical registrars and emergency medicine physicians. ANZ J Surg. 2020;90(12):2467–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hiatt KD, Ou JJ, Childs DD. Role of ultrasound and CT in the workup of right upper quadrant pain in adults in the emergency department: a retrospective review of more than 2800 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020;214(6):1305–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tootian Tourghabe J, Arabikhan HR, Alamdaran A, Zamani MH. Emergency medicine resident versus radiologist in detecting the ultrasonographic signs of acute cholecystitis; a diagnostic accuracy study. Emerg (Tehran). 2018;6(1):e19.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wertz JR, Lopez JM, Olson D, Thompson WM. Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound and CT in evaluating acute cholecystitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2018;211(2):W92–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rodriguez LE, Santaliz-Ruiz LE, De La Torre-Bisot G, Gonzalez G, Serpa MA, Sanchez-Gaetan F, et al. Clinical implications of hepatobiliary scintigraphy and ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Int J Surg. 2016;35:196–200.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Naidu K, Beenen E, Gananadha S, Mosse C. The yield of fever, inflammatory markers and ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis: a validation of the 2013 Tokyo guidelines. World J Surg. 2016;40(12):2892–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hasani SA, Fathi M, Daadpey M, Zare MA, Tavakoli N, Abbasi S. Accuracy of bedside emergency physician performed ultrasound in diagnosing different causes of acute abdominal pain: a prospective study. Clin Imaging. 2015;39(3):476–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hwang H, Marsh I, Doyle J. Does ultrasonography accurately diagnose acute cholecystitis? Improving diagnostic accuracy based on a review at a regional hospital. Can J Surg. 2014;57(3):162–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kaoutzanis C, Davies E, Leichtle SW, Welch KB, Winter S, Lampman RM, et al. Abdominal ultrasound versus hepato-imino diacetic acid scan in diagnosing acute cholecystitis–what is the real benefit? J Surg Res. 2014;188(1):44–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katirci Y, Soyuduru M, Başpinar I, Yurdakul MS, Demirtaş E, Ramadan H, et al. Assessment of the usability of ultrasonography by emergency physicians in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Acta Medica Mediterranea. 2014;30(2):509–13.

Google Scholar 

Torres-Macho J, Anton-Santos JM, Garcia-Gutierrez I, de Castro-Garcia M, Gamez-Diez S, de la Torre PG, et al. Initial accuracy of bedside ultrasound performed by emergency physicians for multiple indications after a short training period. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(9):1943–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Golea A, Badea R, Suteu T. Role of ultrasonography for acute cholecystic conditions in the emergency room. Med Ultrason. 2010;12(4):271–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Summers SM, Scruggs W, Menchine MD, Lahham S, Anderson C, Amr O, et al. A prospective evaluation of emergency department bedside ultrasonography for the detection of acute cholecystitis. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;56(2):114–22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Azawi D, Mc Mahon D, Rajpal PK. The diagnosis of acute cholecystitis in patients undergoing early laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a community hospital. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2007;17(1):19–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Vargas MM, Lanciotti S, De Cicco ML, Coniglio M, Gualdi GF. Ultrasonographic and spiral CT evaluation of simple and complicated acute cholecystitis: diagnostic protocol assessment based on personal experience and review of the literature. Radiol Med. 2006;111(2):167–80.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bingener J, Schwesinger WH, Chopra S, Richards ML, Sirinek KR. Does the correlation of acute cholecystitis on ultrasound and at surgery reflect a mirror image? Am J Surg. 2004;188(6):703–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oh KY, Gilfeather M, Kennedy A, Glastonbury C, Green D, Brant W, et al. Limited abdominal MRI in the evaluation of acute right upper quadrant pain. Abdom Imaging. 2003;28(5):643–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosen CL, Brown DF, Chang Y, Moore C, Averill NJ, Arkoff LJ, et al. Ultrasonography by emergency physicians in patients with suspected cholecystitis. Am J Emerg Med. 2001;19(1):32–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kendall JL, Shimp RJ. Performance and interpretation of focused right upper quadrant ultrasound by emergency physicians. J Emerg Med. 2001;21(1):7–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hakansson K, Leander P, Ekberg O, Hakansson HO. MR imaging in clinically suspected acute cholecystitis. A comparison with ultrasonography. Acta Radiol. 2000;41(4):322–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chatziioannou SN, Moore WH, Ford PV, Dhekne RD. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy is superior to abdominal ultrasonography in suspected acute cholecystitis. Surgery. 2000;127(6):609–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Juvonen T, Kiviniemi H, Niemela O, Kairaluoma MI. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography and C reactive protein concentration in acute cholecystitis: a prospective clinical study. Eur J Surg. 1992;158(6–7):365–9.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lauritsen KB, Sommer W, Hahn L, Henriksen JH. Cholescintigraphy and ultrasonography in patients suspected of having acute cholecystitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1988;23(1):42–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed