Mehler PS, Watters A, Joiner T, Krantz MJ. What accounts for the high mortality of anorexia nervosa? Int J Eat Disord. 2022;55(5):633–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mont L, Castro J, Herreros B, Paré C, Azqueta M, Magriña J, et al. Reversibility of cardiac abnormalities in adolescents with anorexia nervosa after weight recovery. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42(7):808–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Isner JM, Roberts WC, Heymsfield SB, Yager J. Anorexia nervosa and sudden death. Ann Intern Med. 1985;102(1):49–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farasat M, Watters A, Bendelow T, Schuller J, Mehler PS, Krantz MJ. Long-term cardiac arrhythmia and chronotropic evaluation in patients with severe anorexia nervosa (LACE-AN): a pilot study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020;31(2):432–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krantz MJ, Blalock DV, Tanganyika K, Farasat M, McBride J, Mehler PS. Is QTc-interval prolongation an inherent feature of eating disorders? A cohort study. Am J Med. 2020;133(9):1088-94.e1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lamzabi I, Syed S, Reddy VB, Jain R, Harbhajanka A, Arunkumar P. Myocardial changes in a patient with anorexia nervosa: a case report and review of literature. Am J Clin Pathol. 2015;143(5):734–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oflaz S, Yucel B, Oz F, Sahin D, Ozturk N, Yaci O, et al. Assessment of myocardial damage by cardiac MRI in patients with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2013;46(8):862–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kikuchi K, Yasui-Furukori N, Hasegawa C, Watahiki M, Inoue T, Shimoda K. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy after hypoglycemia in a patient with anorexia nervosa. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2021;20(1):1–39.

Article  Google Scholar 

Galderisi M, Cosyns B, Edvardsen T, Cardim N, Delgado V, Di Salvo G, et al. Standardization of adult transthoracic echocardiography reporting in agreement with recent chamber quantification, diastolic function, and heart valve disease recommendations: an expert consensus document of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18(12):1301–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Plana JC, Galderisi M, Barac A, Ewer MS, Ky B, Scherrer-Crosbie M, et al. Expert consensus for multimodality imaging evaluation of adult patients during and after cancer therapy: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;15(10):1063–93.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Čelutkienė J, Pudil R, López-Fernández T, Grapsa J, Nihoyannopoulos P, Bergler-Klein J, et al. Role of cardiovascular imaging in cancer patients receiving cardiotoxic therapies: a position statement on behalf of the Heart Failure Association (HFA), the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) and the Cardio-Oncology Council of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(9):1504–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Phelan D, Collier P, Thavendiranathan P, Popović ZB, Hanna M, Plana JC, et al. Relative apical sparing of longitudinal strain using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography is both sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. Heart (Br Cardiac Soc). 2012;98(19):1442–8.

Google Scholar 

Morris R, Prasad A, Asaro J, Guzman M, Sanders L, Hauck A, et al. Markers of cardiovascular dysfunction in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Global Pediat Health. 2017;4:2333794X17727423-2333794X.

Meucci MC, Locorotondo G, Casa SD, M FC, Galiuto L. echocardiographic assessment of cardiac complications in anorexia nervosa: correlation with the disease severity and the role of global longitudinal strain. J Gynecol Women’s Health. 2020;19(5):109–16.

Scheggi V, Castellini G, Vann F, et al. Echocardiographic abnormalities in adults with anorexia nervosa. Am J Cardiol. 2022;175:152–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zastrow A, Wolf J, Giannitsis E, Katus H, Herzog W, Friederich HC, et al. Elevated myocardial enzymes and natriuretic peptides in anorexia nervosa: prototypic condition for the pathophysiology of cachexia? Cardiology. 2011;118(4):256–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

APA. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: APA. 2013.

Hamwi GJ. Therapy: changing dietary concepts. In: Danowski ST, editor. Diabetes mellitus: diagnosis and treatment. New York: American Diabetes Association; 1964. p. 73–8.

Google Scholar 

Du Bois D, Du Bois EF. A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. 1916. Nutrition. 1989;5(5):303–11.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, Canaday B, Finstuen JA, Foster MC, et al. Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic examination in adults: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(1):1–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Di Cola G, Jacoangeli F, Jacoangeli F, Lombardo M, Iellamo F. Cardiovascular disorders in anorexia nervosa and potential therapeutic targets. Intern Emerg Med. 2014;9(7):717–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Janwanishstaporn S, Cho JY, Feng S, Brann A, Seo J-S, Narezkina A, et al. Prognostic value of global longitudinal strain in patients with heart failure with improved ejection fraction. JACC Heart Fail. 2022;10(1):27–37.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Phua AIH, Le T-T, Tara SW, De Marvao A, Duan J, Toh D-F, et al. Paradoxical higher myocardial wall stress and increased cardiac remodeling despite lower mass in females. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(4):e014781-e.

Article  Google Scholar 

Melanson EL, Donahoo WT, Krantz MJ, Poirier P, Mehler PS. Resting and ambulatory heart rate variability in chronic anorexia nervosa. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94(9):1217–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krantz MJ, Donahoo WT, Melanson EL, Mehler PS. QT interval dispersion and resting metabolic rate in chronic anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2005;37(2):166–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Swenne I. Heart risk associated with weight loss in anorexia nervosa and eating disorders: electrocardiographic changes during the early phase of refeeding. Acta Paediatr. 2000;89(4):447–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koschke M, Boettger MK, Macholdt C, Schulz S, Yeragani VK, Voss A, et al. Increased QT variability in patients with anorexia nervosa–an indicator for increased cardiac mortality? Int J Eat Disord. 2010;43(8):743–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wierzbowska-Drabik K, Trzos E, Kurpesa M, Rechcinski T, Miskowiec D, Cieslik-Guerra U, et al. Diabetes as an independent predictor of left ventricular longitudinal strain reduction at rest and during dobutamine stress test in patients with significant coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;19(11):1276–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sachs KV, Harnke B, Mehler PS, Krantz MJ. Cardiovascular complications of anorexia nervosa: a systematic review. Int J Eat Disord. 2016;49(3):238–48.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nagueh SFMDF, Smiseth OAMDP, Appleton CPMD, Byrd BFMDF, Dokainish HMDF, Edvardsen TMDP, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(4):277–314.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barbosa MM, Nunes MDCP, Castro LRDA, Nominato LFRDS, Alencar MCN, Ribeiro ALP. Correlation between NT-pro BNP Levels and Early Mitral Annulus Velocity (E′) in Patients with Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, NY). 2008;25(4):353–9.

Colak A, Muderrisoglu H, Pirat B, Eroglu S, Aydinalp A, Sezgin A, et al. Longitudinal strain and strain rate for estimating left ventricular filling pressure in heart transplant recipients. Am J Cardiol. 2020;137:63–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Escudero CA, Potts JE, Lam P-Y, De Souza AM, Duff K, Mugford GJ, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of ventricular function during exercise in adolescent female patients with anorexia nervosa. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(3):394-403.e3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar