Erbe D, Eichert H-C, Riper H, Ebert DD. Blending face-to-face and internet-based interventions for the treatment of mental disorders in adults: systematic review. J Med Int Res. 2017;19(9):e306.

Google Scholar 

Nahum-Shani I, Shaw SD, Carpenter SM, Murphy SA, Yoon C. Engagement in digital interventions. Am Psychol. 2022;77(7):836–52.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fortuna KL, Brooks JM, Umucu E, Walker R, Chow PI. Peer support: a human factor to enhance engagement in digital health behavior change interventions. J Technol Behav Sci. 2019;4:152–61.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Nahum-Shani I, Dziak JJ, Walton MA, Dempsey W. Hybrid experimental designs for intervention development: what, why and how. Adv Methods Pract Psychol Sci. 2022;5(3) https://doi.org/10.1177/25152459221114279. This is the first introduction to multimodality adaptive interventions and the SMART-MRT hybrid design.

Nahum-Shani I, Almirall D. An introduction to adaptive interventions and SMART designs in education. In: NCSER 2020-001. Nat Center Special Educ Res; 2019.

Google Scholar 

• Nahum-Shani I, Dziak JJ, Venera H, Pfammatter AF, Spring B, Dempsey W. Design of experiments with sequential randomizations on multiple timescales: the hybrid experimental design. Behav Res Methods. 2023; https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-023-02119-z. This papers provides an introduction to different types of hybrid  experimental designs.

Collins LM. Optimization of behavioral, biobehavioral, and biomedical interventions: the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST). New York, NY: Springer; 2018.

Book  Google Scholar 

Belzer ME, MacDonell KK, Ghosh S, Naar S, McAvoy-Banerjea J, Gurung S, et al. Adaptive Antiretroviral therapy adherence interventions for youth living with hiv through text message and cell phone support with and without incentives: protocol for a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART). JMIR Res Protoc. 2018;7(12):e11183. https://doi.org/10.2196/11183.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abuogi LL, Kulzer JL, Akama E, Odeny TA, Eshun-Wilson I, Petersen M, et al. Adapt for adolescents: protocol for a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial to improve retention and viral suppression among adolescents and young adults living with HIV in Kenya. Contemp Clin Trials. 2023;127:107123.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Edelman EJ, Dziura J, Deng Y, Bold KW, Murphy SM, Porter E, et al. A SMARTTT approach to treating tobacco use disorder in persons with HIV (SMARTTT): rationale and design for a hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation study. Contemp Clin Trials. 2021;110:106379.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van Heerden A, Szpiro A, Ntinga X, Celum C, van Rooyen H, Essack Z, et al. A sequential multiple assignment randomized trial of scalable interventions for ART delivery in South Africa: the SMART ART study. Trials. 2023;24(1):32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-022-07025-x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Collins LM, Murphy SA, Bierman KL. A conceptual framework for adaptive preventive interventions. Prev Sci. 2004;5:185–96.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nahum-Shani I, Smith SN, Spring BJ, Collins LM, Witkiewitz K, Tewari A, et al. Just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) in mobile health: key components and design principles for ongoing health behavior support. Ann Behav Med. 2018;52(6):446–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Murphy SA. An experimental design for the development of adaptive treatment strategies. Stat Med. 2005;24(10):1455–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lavori PW, Dawson R. A design for testing clinical strategies: biased adaptive within-subject randomization. J Royal Stat Soc : Series A (Stat Soc). 2000;163(1):29–38.

Article  Google Scholar 

Collins LM, Nahum-Shani I, Almirall D. Optimization of behavioral dynamic treatment regimens based on the sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial (SMART). Clin Trials. 2014;11(4):426–34.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

• Nahum-Shani I, Qian M, Almirall D, Pelham WE, Gnagy B, Fabiano GA, et al. Experimental design and primary data analysis methods for comparing adaptive interventions. Psychol Methods. 2012;17(4):457–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029372. This papers provides an accessible introduction to the SMART and related data analytic approaches.

Nahum-Shani I, Dziak JJ, Wetter DW. MCMTC: a pragmatic framework for selecting an experimental design to inform the development of digital interventions. Front Digit Health. 2022:4.

Nahum-Shani I, Almirall D, Yap JR, McKay JR, Lynch KG, Freiheit EA, et al. SMART longitudinal analysis: a tutorial for using repeated outcome measures from SMART studies to compare adaptive interventions. Psychol Methods. 2020;25(1):1–29.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nahum-Shani I, Hekler E, Spruijt-Metz D. Building health behavior models to guide the development of just-in-time adaptive interventions: a pragmatic framework. Health Psychology. 2015;34:1209–19.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nahum-Shani I, Wetter DW, Murphy SA. Chapter 7 - Adapting just-in-time interventions to vulnerability and receptivity: Conceptual and methodological considerations. In: Jacobson N, Kowatsch T, Marsch L, editors. Digital therapeutics for mental health and addiction. Academic Press; 2023. p. 77–87.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Santa Maria D, Padhye N, Businelle M, Yang Y, Jones J, Sims A, et al. Efficacy of a just-in-time adaptive intervention to promote HIV risk reduction behaviors among young adults experiencing homelessness: pilot randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(7):e26704. https://doi.org/10.2196/26704.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sizemore KM, Gray S, Wolfer C, Forbes N, Talan AJ, Millar BM, et al. A proof of concept pilot examining feasibility and acceptability of the positively healthy just-in-time adaptive, ecological momentary, intervention among a sample of sexual minority men living with HIV. J Happiness Stud. 2022;23(8):4091–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-022-00587-2.

Article  Google Scholar 

Acorda DE, Jones JT, Santa MD. Acceptability of a just-in-time adaptive intervention for HIV prevention among youth experiencing homelessness: a qualitative analysis. J Health Care Poor Underserv. 2021;32(2):25–42.

Article  Google Scholar 

• Qian T, Walton AE, Collins LM, Klasnja P, Lanza ST, Nahum-Shani I, et al. The microrandomized trial for developing digital interventions: experimental design and data analysis considerations. Psychol Methods. 2022;27(5):874–894. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000283. This papers provides an accessible introduction to the MRT and related data analytic approaches.

Liao P, Klasnja P, Tewari A, Murphy SA. Sample size calculations for micro-randomized trials in mHealth. Stat Med. 2016;35(12):1944–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nahum-Shani I, Rabbi M, Yap J, Philyaw-Kotov ML, Klasnja P, Bonar EE, et al. Translating strategies for promoting engagement in mobile health: a proof-of-concept microrandomized trial. Health Psychol. 2021;40(12):974–87.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Carpenter SM, Menictas M, Nahum-Shani I, Wetter DW, Murphy SA. Developments in mobile health just-in-time adaptive interventions for addiction science. Curr Addict Rep. 2020;7:280–90.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chow S-M, Nahum-Shani I, Baker JT, Spruijt-Metz D, Allen NB, Auerbach RP, et al. The ILHBN: challenges, opportunities, and solutions from harmonizing data under heterogeneous study designs, target populations, and measurement protocols. Transl Behav Med. 2023;13(1):7–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leong U, Chakraborty B. Participant engagement in microrandomized trials of mHealth interventions: scoping review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2023;11(1):e44685.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cohn ER, Qian T, Murphy SA. Sample size considerations for micro-randomized trials with binary proximal outcomes. Stat Med. 2023;42(16):2777–96.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Naar S. Healthy choices: comparative effectiveness of a health behavior intervention for youth with HIV. In: The 17th Meeting of the Mechanisms of Behavior Change Satellite; Research Society on Alcohol. Bellevue WA; 2023.

McKay JR, Lynch KG, Coviello D, Morrison R, Cary MS, Skalina L, et al. Randomized trial of continuing care enhancements for cocaine-dependent patients following initial engagement. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2010;78(1):111–20.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Patrick ME, Lyden GR, Morrell N, Mehus CJ, Gunlicks-Stoessel M, Lee CM, et al. Main outcomes of M-bridge: a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART) for developing an adaptive preventive intervention for college drinking. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2021;89(7):601.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar