Background: The scarcity of resources represents ethical challenges and involves moral distress for health professionals. There are no longitudinal studies of moral distress among representative samples of physicians. Method: Surveys of the Norwegian Physician Panel (NPP) compared the extent of moral distress in 2004 and 2021. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were used in the study. Results: Response rates were 67% (1004/1499) in 2004 and 70% (1639/2316) in 2021. That patient care is deprived due to time constraints is the most severe dimension of moral distress among physicians, and it has increased comparing 2021 with 2004 (68.3% in 2004 to 75.1% in 2021 reported Somewhat or Very morally distressing). Moral distress also increased concerning patients who cry the loudest get better and faster treatment than others. Moral distress was reduced on statements about long waiting times, treatment not provided due to economic limitations, deprioritisation of older patients, and acting against own conscience. Women reported higher moral distress than men in both years, and there were significant gender differences for six statements in 2021 and one in 2004. Though not consistently, the age and workplace of the physician influenced the reported moral distress. Conclusion: In both years, moral distress among physicians related to scarcity of or unfair distribution of resources was high. Moral distress associated with resource scarcity and acting against own conscience decreased, which might indicate improvements in the healthcare system. On the other hand, it might suggest that physicians have reduced their ideals or expectations or are morally fatigued.

The authors have declared no competing interest.

This study did not receive any funding.

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