Beganovic M, McCreary EK, Mahoney MV, Dionne B, Green DA, Timbrook TT. Interplay between rapid diagnostic tests and antimicrobial stewardship programs among patients with bloodstream and other severe infections. J Appl Lab Med. 2019;3:601–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O’Neill J. Tackling Drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations. 2016. https://amr-review.org/sites/default/files/160525_Final%20paper_with%20cover.pdf. Accessed 14 May 2022.

World Health Organization. Antimicrobial stewardship programmes in health-care facilities in low- and middle-income countries: a WHO practical toolkit. 2019. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/329404. Accessed 18 May 2022.

Årdal C, Outterson K, Hoffman SJ, et al. International cooperation to improve access to and sustain effectiveness of antimicrobials. Lancet. 2016;387:296–307.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miller MB, Atrzadeh F, Burnham CA, et al. Clinical utility of advanced microbiology testing tools. J Clin Microbiol. 2019;57:e00495–e519.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Álvarez-Moreno C, Valderrama-Beltrán S, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Implications of antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic: the example of associated antimicrobial resistance in Latin America. Antibiotics. 2021;10:328.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Callejas D, Echevarría JM, Carrero Y, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Moreira R. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Latin America: the need for multidisciplinary approaches. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2020;7:120–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wachinger J, McMahon SA, Lohmann J, de Allegri M, Denkinger CM. Highly valued despite burdens: qualitative implementation research on rapid tests for hospital-based SARS-CoV-2 screening. SSM Qual Res Health. 2022;2: 100140.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Apisarnthanarak A, Kim HB, Moore L, et al. Rapid diagnostic testing for antimicrobial stewardship: utility in Asia Pacific. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021;42(7):864–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

White BP, Barber KE, Chastain DB. Variation among infectious diseases pharmacists for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Pharm Pract. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/08971900211038864.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lam SW, Bass SN. Advancing infectious diseases diagnostic testing and applications to antimicrobial therapy in the ICU. J Pharm Pract. 2019;32:327–38.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Minejima E, Wong-Beringer A. Implementation of rapid diagnostics with antimicrobial stewardship. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016;14:1065–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, 2020–2025. United States: Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. 2020. https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/migrated_legacy_files//196436/CARB-National-Action-Plan-2020-2025.pdf. Accessed 23 Nov 2022.

UK Government. Tackling antimicrobial resistance 2019 to 2024: the UK's 5-year national action plan. UK Government. 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-5-year-action-plan-for-antimicrobial-resistance-2019-to-2024. Accessed 14 Nov 2022.

Boucher HW, File TM, Fowler VG, Jezek A, Rex JH, Outterson K. Antibiotic development incentives that reflect societal value of antibiotics. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72:e420–1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kirchherr J, Charles K. Enhancing the sample diversity of snowball samples: recommendations from a research project on anti-dam movements in Southeast Asia. PLoS ONE. 2018;13: e0201710.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

The World Bank. The world by income and region. 2021. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/the-world-by-income-and-region.html. Accessed 22 Mar 2023.

Apisarnthanarak A, Bin-Kim H, Moore LSP, et al. Utility and applicability of rapid diagnostic testing in antimicrobial stewardship in the Asia-Pacific region: a Delphi consensus. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74:2067–76.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. The selection and use of essential in vitro diagnostics. 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240019102. Accessed 14 Nov 2022.

Barlam TF, Cosgrove SE, Abbo LM, et al. Implementing an antibiotic stewardship program: guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:e51–77.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Rapid tests for group A streptococcal infections in people with a sore throat. NICE. 2019. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/dg38. Accessed 6 July 2022.

Hellyer TP, McAuley DF, Walsh TS, et al. Biomarker-guided antibiotic stewardship in suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAPrapid2): a randomised controlled trial and process evaluation. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:182–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

PAN American Health Organization. Recommendations for implementing antimicrobial stewardship programs in Latin America and the Caribbean: manual for public health decision-makers. Florida International University; 2018.

Google Scholar 

Pliakos EE, Andreatos N, Shehadeh F, Ziakas PD, Mylonakis E. The cost-effectiveness of rapid diagnostic testing for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections with or without antimicrobial stewardship. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2018;31:e00095-e117.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thompson TZ, McMullen AR. Group A streptococcus testing in pediatrics: the move to point-of-care molecular testing. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58:e01494-e1519.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eby JC, Richey MM, Platts-Mills JA, Mathers AJ, Novicoff WM, Cox HL. A healthcare improvement intervention combining nucleic acid microarray testing with direct physician response for management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66:64–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang AM, Newton D, Kunapuli A, et al. Impact of rapid organism identification via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight combined with antimicrobial stewardship team intervention in adult patients with bacteremia and candidemia. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:1237–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mahrous AJ, Thabit AK, Elarabi S, Fleisher J. Clinical impact of pharmacist-directed antimicrobial stewardship guidance following blood culture rapid diagnostic testing. J Hosp Infect. 2020;106:436–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nagel JL, Huang AM, Kunapuli A, et al. Impact of antimicrobial stewardship intervention on coagulase-negative Staphylococcus blood cultures in conjunction with rapid diagnostic testing. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:2849–54.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Patel TS, Kaakeh R, Nagel JL, Newton DW, Stevenson JG. Cost analysis of implementing matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry plus real-time antimicrobial stewardship intervention for bloodstream infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55:60–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Walker T, Dumadag S, Lee CJ, et al. Clinical impact of laboratory implementation of verigene BC-GN microarray-based assay for detection of gram-negative bacteria in positive blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54:1789–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Banerjee R, Komarow L, Virk A, et al. Randomized trial evaluating clinical impact of rapid identification and susceptibility testing for gram-negative bacteremia: RAPIDS-GN. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:e39–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Banerjee R, Teng CB, Cunningham SA, et al. Randomized trial of rapid multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based blood culture identification and susceptibility testing. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:1071–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hogan CA, Ebunji B, Watz N, et al. Impact of rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing in gram-negative rod bacteremia: a quasi-experimental study. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58:e00360–e420.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Murri R, Taccari F, Spanu T, et al. A 72-h intervention for improvement of the rate of optimal antibiotic therapy in patients with bloodstream infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018;37:167–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robinson ED, Stilwell AM, Attai AE, et al. Implementation of a rapid phenotypic susceptibility platform for gram-negative bloodstream infections with paired antimicrobial stewardship intervention: is the juice worth the squeeze? Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:783–92.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ehren K, Meißner A, Jazmati N, et al. Clinical impact of rapid species identification from positive blood cultures with same-day phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing on the management and outcome of bloodstream infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70:1285–93.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gawrys GW, Tun K, Jackson CB, et al. The impact of rapid diagnostic testing, surveillance software, and clinical pharmacist staffing at a large community hospital in the management of Gram-negative bloodstream infections. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020;98:115084.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim JH, Kim TS, Chang E, et al. Effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship programmes based on rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing of haematological patients having high-risk factors for bacteraemia-related mortality: a post-hoc analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2022;60:106604.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kunz Coyne AJ, Casapao AM, Isache C, Morales J, McCarter YS, Jankowski CA. Influence of antimicrobial stewardship and molecular rapid diagnostic tests on antimicrobial prescribing for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in bloodstream infection. Microbiol Spectr. 2021;9:e0046421.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Messacar K, Hurst AL, Child J, et al. Clinical impact and provider acceptability of real-time antimicrobial stewardship decision support for rapid diagnostics in children with positive blood culture results. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2017;6:267–74.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perez KK, Olsen RJ, Musick WL, et al. Integrating rapid pathogen identification and antimicrobial stewardship significantly decreases hospital costs. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2013;137:1247–54.

Article