Physiologic responses to cold1Hayward J.S. Collis M. Eckerson J.D. Thermographic evaluation of relative heat loss areas of man during cold water immersion.1973Infrared thermography was used to determine regional heat loss while being still or swimming in cold water.4Hayward J.S. Eckerson J.D. Collis M.L. Thermoregulatory heat production in man: prediction equation based on skin and core temperatures.1977Demonstrated core temperature and metabolic responses to CWI and developed prediction equation for shivering intensity.20Johnson D.G. Hayward J.S. Jacobs T.P. Collis M.L. Eckerson J.D. Williams R.H. Plasma norepinephrine responses of man in cold water.1977Determined relationship between skin temperature and sympathetic activity.21Cupples W.A. Fox G.R. Hayward J.S. Effect of cold water immersion and its combination with alcohol intoxication on urine flow rate of man.1980Alcohol increases urine flow rate by almost 7-fold during CWI.10Fox G.R. Hayward J.S. Hobson G.N. Effect of alcohol on thermal balance of man in cold water.1979Alcohol decreases metabolic heat production while holding still in cold water but not during exercise.22Effect of hypothermia on breath-alcohol analysis.1987Hypothermia decreases the values of the breath-alcohol decay curve below the blood-alcohol decay curve by ∼7%/°C below normal Tco.23Effect of hyperthermia on breath-alcohol analysis.1989Hyperthermia increases the values of the breath-alcohol decay curve above the blood-alcohol decay curve by ∼9%/°C above normal Tco.5FitzGibbon T. Hayward J.S. Walker D. EEG and visual evoked potentials of conscious man during moderate hypothermia.1984Brain electrical activity does not decline until Tco decreases below 33.5°C.6Thompson R.L. Hayward J.S. Wet-cold exposure and hypothermia: thermal and metabolic responses to prolonged exercise in rain.1996During walking in windy cold air, rain increases heat loss and shivering and decreases exercise endurance.7Giesbrecht G.G. Goheen M.S.L. Johnston C.E. Kenny G.P. Bristow G.K. Hayward J.S. Inhibition of shivering increases core temperature afterdrop and attenuates rewarming in hypothermic humans.1997Pharmacological inhibition of shivering increases Tco afterdrop amount and duration.Dive and cold shock responses8Hayward J.S. Hay C. Matthews B.R. Overweel C.H. Radford D.D. Temperature effect on the human dive response in relation to cold water near-drowning.1984BHD decreases with water temperature (attributed to the cold shock response), but cardiovascular responses are unaffected. Habituation to CWI increases BHD.9Ramey C.A. Ramey D.N. Hayward J.S. Dive response of children in relation to cold-water near-drowning.1987BHD decreases with age in children but not adults. The magnitude of diving bradycardia was similar in children and adults.19Hyperventilation response to cold water immersion: reduction by staged entry.1989Two-staged entry attenuates the hyperventilation response to CWI. See Figure 4b.Factors affecting core cooling2Hayward J.S. Eckerson J.D. Collis M.L. Thermal balance and survival time prediction of man in cold water.1975Swimming in cold water increases heat production and core cooling rate.3Hayward J.S. Eckerson J.D. Collis M.L. Effect of behavioral variables on cooling rate of man in cold water.1975During CWI, the HELP and Huddle increase survival time compared with drownproofing and treading water.10Fox G.R. Hayward J.S. Hobson G.N. Effect of alcohol on thermal balance of man in cold water.1979Alcohol does not affect core cooling rate or afterdrop during CWI.11Hayward J.S. Eckerson J.D. Physiological responses and survival time prediction for humans in ice-water.1984Core cooling rate is inversely correlated to skinfold thickness but not affected by sex.12Thermal protection performance of survival suits in ice-water.1984Survival suits can increase survival time during CWI from hours to days.13Steinman A.M. Hayward J.S. Nemiroff M.J. Kubilis P.S. Immersion hypothermia: comparative protection of anti-exposure garments in calm versus rough seas.1987Dry suits are superior to wet suits during CWI in both calm and rough water.Thermophysiological predictions2Hayward J.S. Eckerson J.D. Collis M.L. Thermal balance and survival time prediction of man in cold water.,3Hayward J.S. Eckerson J.D. Collis M.L. Effect of behavioral variables on cooling rate of man in cold water.1975Core cooling rate, heat loss, and survival time were predicted based on Twater.4Hayward J.S. Eckerson J.D. Collis M.L. Thermoregulatory heat production in man: prediction equation based on skin and core temperatures.1977Tco and Tsk were used to predict metabolic heat production.14Morrison J.B. Conn M.L. Hayward J.S. Accidental hypothermia: the effect of initial body temperatures and physique on the rate of rewarming.1980Core rewarming rate was predicted based on height, weight end-cooling Tco and Tsk.11Hayward J.S. Eckerson J.D. Physiological responses and survival time prediction for humans in ice-water.1984Survival time prediction was based on assumptions of linear cooling rates below experimental Tco, and “incipient death” occurring at Tco of 30°C.Rewarming effectiveness15Hayward J.S. Steinman A.M. Accidental hypothermia: an experimental study of inhalation rewarming.1975Inhalation warming may be a safe and effective warming treatment.16Morrison J.B. Conn M.L. Hayward J.S. Thermal increment provided by inhalation rewarming from hypothermia.1979Hyperventilation resulting from partially rebreathing expired air increases effectiveness of inhalation warming.17Hayward J.S. Eckerson J.D. Kemna D. Thermal and cardiovascular changes during three methods of resuscitation from mild hypothermia.1984Swan-Ganz catheterization of right pulmonary artery was used to demonstrate that esophageal temperature accurately measures heart temperature and that warm bath immersion decreases mean arterial pressure and increases heart rate and cardiac output compared with control and inhalation warming.Miscellaneous18Giesbrecht G.G. Hayward J.S. Problems and complications with cold-water rescue.2006Description of outcomes of a rowing crew after capsizing in cold water.