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Women’s health has long been understudied and underfunded, compromising the amount of health information available to women as well as the quality of health care they receive []. Recently, more efforts have been made to include women in clinical trials, and more policies have been introduced to enhance and promote women’s health globally [-]. However, many cultures still hold different myths and taboos regarding the reproductive health and menstrual cycle, specifically. Studies have shown that there is a large knowledge gap among adolescent girls and adult women, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), about menstrual cycle health [,], fertility [,], healthy pregnancy [,], and overall women’s health and well-being [,]. For example, a North Indian study found that only 31% of respondents reported the right definition of the menstrual cycle [], whereas an extremely high prevalence of inadequate knowledge of symptoms, risk factors, and complications of preeclampsia (88.4%) was found among pregnant women in Ghana [].
In high-income countries (HICs), despite an increase in growing social and governmental momentum to improve reproductive health education [-], there is still a knowledge gap and misconceptions about reproductive and fertility health as well as reluctance to seek medical treatment for some health issues [,]. A Chicago-based study reported that one of the main reasons for a delayed fibroid diagnosis was the belief among women that heavy menstrual bleeding was normal []. Another study conducted on American women of reproductive age found that almost 60% of all surveyed women did not know when they had higher chances of conception during the menstrual cycle, while more than two-thirds were unaware that pain during menstruation (eg, owing to conditions such as endometriosis) may correlate with a woman’s ability to get pregnant []. A study conducted in England found that 30% of adolescent girls were unaware if their periods were regular; furthermore, most of them were considerably less aware of endometriosis than of other chronic diseases such as diabetes or epilepsy []. Another study found that only 42% of pregnant women in Italy knew of all the main risk factors in pregnancy such as alcohol consumption, smoking, passive smoking, and obesity []. Thus, low menstrual cycle and pregnancy health awareness among women and people who menstruate might cause adverse effects on women’s and newborn health and well-being and can restrict women from their daily sociocultural activities and impact their quality of life [,]. In addition, poor knowledge and misconceptions about reproductive health might delay the time to diagnosis and increase medical costs associated with treatment [,].
Given the lack of reproductive health knowledge among women, identifying medically credible, easy-to-access and understand sources of reproductive health–related information is crucial. On the basis of survey data, women’s health care providers (HCPs) are one of the main sources of trustworthy reproductive health–related knowledge; however, more than one-third of survey respondents reported visiting their reproductive HCP less than once per year or having never visited one []. Furthermore, the use of medical jargon or more dense language by HCPs can confuse patients and result in inability to recall the information that they received during medical consultations [-]. Health-related internet websites are another source of education and empowerment for women [,,]. Nevertheless, web-based health sources vary in quality, accuracy, and reliability, and incorrect information or advice from websites may affect health-related behavior and decisions [].
In the past few years, the rapid growth and acceptance of mobile health apps specifically designed to address women’s health needs have made substantial progress in the area of reproductive and pregnancy knowledge improvements [-]. Female health apps are often perceived as helpful by their users, as they provide easy-to-access information that helps them feel more knowledgeable and supported [,]. In addition to the educational component, apps for women’s health often provide their users with tracking functionality for their self-knowledge, monitoring, and recording [,]. Such functionality includes menstrual cycle and pregnancy tracking or tracking of cycle-related symptoms, for example, hormone-triggered migraines or mood swings [,-]. Previous studies have shown that health mobile apps also facilitate good habit formation and health promotion by providing a number of functions to map behavior patterns across time, including, but not limited to, sleep, diet, physical activity, and mental health practices etc [,]. Despite the prevalence and apparent popularity of women health–tracking apps, there remains a knowledge gap regarding the accuracy and safety of the medical advice provided as well as the effectiveness of digital health products in changing health behaviors. Researchers, clinicians, and patient groups have recently advocated for more rigorous requirements regarding the validation and evaluation of digital health solutions, with scientists highlighting the need for a unified evidence generation framework [-]. As such, there is a need for health app developers to conduct and publish research assessing the effectiveness of products at both pre- and postmarket time points, so that end users and clinicians are provided with sufficient evidence to make an informed decision [,].
One of the mobile apps dedicated to women’s health and well-being is the Flo app (by Flo Health Inc). Flo offers its users artificial intelligence–based period and ovulation predictions and allows them to track their periods, fertile window, ovulation, and symptoms while trying to get pregnant or avoid pregnancy, as well as to track pregnancy symptoms and fetal development. In addition to the tracking functionality, Flo provides its users with evidence-based and expert-reviewed educational content available through the in-app library. Flo app content creation and validation are based on a peer-reviewed practice in which Flo’s in-house medical doctors and external medical and science experts review each piece of content before it is published in the Flo application or on the website. Each content unit (article, graphics, courses, etc) within the app has references to peer-reviewed articles, medical guidelines, and links to internationally recognized health advocacy organizations and academic institutions. Moreover, each article has a link to the profile of the medical expert or organization who reviewed it. To check for symptoms against an array of conditions, Flo also has interactive questions available via so-called “health assistants” or “chatbots” []. Finally, Flo has a secure place called “Secret Chats” where women can discuss intimate topics, ask questions anonymously, and obtain support from millions of women worldwide, thus reducing perceived taboos and stigma surrounding topics such as menstrual health and sexual life [-].
ObjectiveAlthough the Flo app provides a range of functionalities, there is an open question as to whether the Flo users obtain any improvements in knowledge and health by using the app. Hence, the aim of this study was to describe the demographic and app use characteristics of a self-enrolled sample of Flo subscribers and explore the relationship between app use and self-reported improvements in knowledge and health related to the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, as well as improvements in general health in Flo users. We hypothesized that subscribers who use Flo Premium instead of a free version, as well as those who used the app more frequently and for a longer period, would be more likely to report increased health benefits with a greater improvement in their knowledge and understanding across different areas. We also aimed to evaluate the components of the Flo app that were associated with the aforementioned improvements.
Users of the Flo app who had the app installed in English for at least 30 days and were >18 years old were eligible to participate in this study. Recruitment took place within the Flo app between December 5, 2021, and January 16, 2022. We collected 5015 partial responses and 2212 complete survey responses. Only responses from the participants who fully completed the survey were used for the analysis ( provides the sample’s demographics).
Table 1. Demographics of study participants (N=2212).CategoryFrequency, n (%)Country (top 10)Participants completed a demographic questionnaire followed by an investigator-developed quantitative survey ( provides the full list of survey questions). The survey included questions addressing the aim, frequency, and duration of the app use, as well as whether and what components of the Flo app (and to what extent) helped users to improve their knowledge and health. Specifically, the survey included questions addressing improvements in knowledge and health across 5 different areas: menstrual health and education, irregular cycle and related conditions, getting pregnant and pregnancy health, general health (mental, sexual, physical health, and health behaviors), and communication with an HCP.
Overall, the survey contained 70 questions. Not every question was available for every participant, as questions were presented only if they were relevant to the participant based on their previous responses. For example, those who reported that they downloaded the app to track their pregnancy were not asked menstrual cycle–related questions. The survey was created using SurveyMonkey software (Momentive Inc).
ProcedureParticipants were notified of the possibility of participating in a survey via an in-app notification. Upon clicking on the survey button, the participants were redirected to SurveyMonkey and asked to provide electronic informed consent. Those who consented proceeded to complete the survey on their electronic devices, which took an average of 8 minutes.
Ethical ConsiderationsThe study was reviewed by the Independent Ethical Review Board (WIRB-Copernicus Group Institutional Review Board), which deemed the study exempt (IRB tracking number: 20216374 ).
Defining CategoriesTo describe app use patterns among Flo users, the following categories were defined: a short-term user was any participant who had been using the Flo app for <1 year, whereas a long-term user was anyone using the Flo app for ≥1 year. A frequent user was defined as a participant who used the app several times a day to several times a week, whereas an infrequent user was a participant who used the app once a week or less. Premium app users are those who use the paid version of the Flo app, while free app users are those who use the free version of the app. Compared with the free version, the paid app version provides users with full access to all in-app content materials (including text and video materials), all symptom- and cycle-related chats with Flo’s health assistant, and all community discussion chats with an additional opportunity to ask for support and advice from a medical professional (“Ask an Expert”). lists the complete app use characteristics.
Users with higher education were defined as those who had either a bachelor’s, master’s, or doctorate degree, whereas users with less education included those with any education below a completed bachelor’s degree. In terms of age, a younger user was anyone between the ages of 18 and 34 years, whereas older users were defined as anyone between the ages of 35 and 54 years ().
Country income level was defined based on the World Bank Country Income classification []. In this study, 62.4% (78/125) of countries were defined as LMICs, whereas the remaining 37.6% (47/125) of countries were classified as HICs. and provide a complete breakdown of HICs and LMICs, respectively.
Statistical AnalysisData were analyzed using Python Jupyter Notebook (version 6.0.1; Project Jupyter). All variables in the survey were categorical. Throughout the survey, participants had options to answer questions as binary categorical variables (yes or no), nominal categorical variables (eg, symptoms they believe Flo has helped with) and ordinal categorical variables (eg, 5 categories from “Not at all” to “A great deal”). Throughout the survey, depending on the participants’ choices, the users were directed to answer different questions. Consequently, the number of participants who answered each question differed. Ordinal categorical variables were recoded as dichotomous variables (not at all—a little vs a moderate amount—a great deal).
Chi-squared tests compared participant responses for the association between user app subscription status (free vs premium), frequency of app use (frequent vs infrequent), and duration of use (short term vs long term). Chi-squared tests were also used to assess whether the country of residence and education level had a relationship with the reasons why they used the app, the areas in which users’ knowledge was improved, and to what extent knowledge was improved. To confirm the relationship between demographic factors (age and education) and the reasons for using the app, we fitted univariate logistic regression models.
Most respondents reported that the Flo app had improved how educated they feel about their overall cycle (1292/1452, 88.98%; Table S1 in , question 46) and pregnancy health (698/824, 84.7%; Table S2 in , question 34). Users who had tracked their cycle with Flo felt improvements in the following top 3 menstrual health areas: they knew whether their cycle was regular (1085/1292, 84.0%), whether their cycle length was normal (978/1292, 75.7%), and whether it was normal to have certain symptoms during their cycle (755/1292, 58.4%; Table S1 in , question 47). Users also reported that they believed Flo had helped them understand how to use their cycle to know when they were most fertile (780/1292, 60.4%) and how their cycle affected their physical (776/1292, 60.1%) and mental health (765/1292, 59.2%; Table S1 in , question 51). In addition, 77.3% (1270/1642) of participants reported that Flo had helped them manage their menstrual symptoms, with the top 3 symptoms being “ovulation” (668/1270, 52.6%); “bad mood” (including feeling sad, guilty, irritated, obsessive thoughts, and confused or self-critical; 641/1270, 50.5%); and “cramps” (618/1270, 48.7%; Table S1 in ; questions 16 and 17). Finally, 65.1% (309/475) of users said that the app had helped them manage their irregular cycles and related conditions (Table S1 in , question 21).
Most of the study cohort (627/824, 76.1%) who used the app to track their pregnancy reported getting pregnant while using Flo (Table S2 in , question 29). Of those who became pregnant, 73.5% (461/627) of believed that using Flo had helped them become pregnant (Table S2 in , question 30). More than 8 in 10 participants (530/627, 84.5%) said that Flo had helped them to prepare for a healthy pregnancy (Table S2 in , question 32). Pregnancy-tracking users reported that Flo had improved their knowledge about their body during pregnancy (589/698, 84.4%); their baby’s development (577/698, 82.7%); and which symptoms did not require medical attention and which did during pregnancy (505/698, 72.3%; Table S2 in , question 36). The study participants also reported that Flo had improved their understanding of how pregnancy affected their physical health (509/698, 72.9%); how to manage their pregnancy symptoms (403/698, 57.7%); and how to optimize their life around their pregnancy (393/698, 56.3%; Table S2 in , question 39).
A smaller number of respondents reported improvements in mental (843/2212, 38.1%), sexual (835/2212, 37.7%), and physical health (589/2212, 26.6%); health behaviors (621/2212, 28.1%); and communication with an HCP (587/2212, 26.5%; Table S3 in , question 53).
Period predictions, fertile days and ovulation predictions, and symptom tracking were the top 3 components of the app that have helped users with all the abovementioned areas (Tables S1 and S3 in ) except pregnancy education where “reading articles or watching video sources” in the app was rated the highest (503/698, 72.1%; Table S2 in , question 38). Complete responses regarding knowledge and health improvements in cycle, pregnancy, and general health are shown in Tables S1, S2, and S3 in , respectively.
Knowledge and Health Improvements in Relation to Education LevelStudy participants with less education were more likely to use the Flo app to track irregular cycles and related conditions to learn more about their body and sexual health and to help them not become pregnant (χ21=10.9, P<.001; χ21=10.8, P=.001; χ21=6.3, P=.01; χ21=4.2, P=.04, respectively), while higher-educated users were more likely to use the app to help them become pregnant and for pregnancy tracking (χ21=4.2, P=.04; χ21=19.3, P<.001, respectively; ). Complete statistics on the reasons for using the app in relation to age are shown in Table S1 in .
Table 2. Education versus reasons for using the app (N=2212).Reasons for using the appHEa, n (%)LEb, n (%)Chi-square (df)P valueMenstrual cycle and symptom tracking943 (80.3)851 (82.1)1.1 (1).01Irregular cycles and related conditions219 (18.6)254 (24.5)10.9 (1)<.001Pregnancy tracking487 (41.4)335 (32.3)19.3 (1)<.001To help me get pregnant657 (55.9)537 (51.5)4.2 (1).04To help me not get pregnant117 (10)133 (12.8)4.2 (1).04Pregnancy loss73 (6.2)78 (7.5)1.3 (1).26Sexual health305 (26)320 (30.9)6.3 (1).01Get tailored health information390 (33.2)343 (33.1)0.0(1).99To learn more about my body444 (38)467 (45)10.8 (1).001aHE: higher education.
bLE: lower education.
Univariate logistic regression models confirmed the results of the chi-squared tests. Participants with a higher educational background, for example, master’s degree, had significantly higher odds (odds ratio 1.80, 95% CI 1.15-2.86) of using the app for pregnancy tracking and significantly lower odds (odds ratio 0.59, 95% CI 0.39-0.91) of using the app to learn more about their body compared with users with “Some High School, no Diploma.” Tables S2 and S3 in show full logistic regression results for education and age, respectively.
Furthermore, we examined whether both lower- and higher-educated users achieved health and knowledge improvements in the intended areas of app use. Users with less education were more likely to report that Flo had helped them improve their understanding of how to manage their menstrual symptoms (χ21=4.7; P=.03; Table S1 in , question 51) and helped them identify issues related to endometriosis (χ21=8.0; P=.004; Table S1 in , question 47). In addition, they were more likely to report that Flo had improved their sexual health knowledge (χ21=9.5; P=.002), such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and how to avoid them (χ21=13.1; P<.001); the signs and symptoms of STIs (χ21=19.3; P<.001); safe sex (χ21=11.7; P<.001); contraception options (χ21=11.1; P<.001); the signs and symptoms during sex that were indicative of a health issue (χ21=10.6; P<.001); and how to have more pleasure during sex (χ21=6.7; P=.009; Table S2 in , questions 53, 61, and 62).
Finally, users with less education were more likely to self-report that Flo had helped them improve their skin (χ21=4.8; P=.03) or fitness (χ21=5.4; P=.02) from a moderate to a great deal (Table S2 in , question 57). In addition, they reported that Flo had helped them reduce harmful habits (χ21=12.1; P<.001; Table S2 in , question 59) and made them more confident about asking their HCPs for resources that they thought they needed (eg, stress relief, birth control, and support: χ21=4.5; P=.03; Table S2 in , question 64).
In contrast, users with higher education mainly reported improvements in pregnancy health education (Table S3 in , questions 34, 36, and 39). In addition, they were more likely to report that they conceived while using Flo (χ21=17.8; P<.001; Table S3 in , question 29). Complete responses regarding knowledge and health improvements in cycle health, general health, and pregnancy health in relation to education level are shown in Tables S1, S2, and S3, respectively, in .
Knowledge and Health Improvements in Relation to Country of Residence (LMICs vs HICs)The study included participants from both HICs (1513/2212, 68.4%) and LMICs (699/2212, 31.6%), with participants from LMICs having a statistically lower level of education compared with those from HICs (χ21=11.0; P<.001). shows that participants from HICs were more likely to use the app for menstrual cycle and symptom tracking, for pregnancy tracking, to get help with getting pregnant, and for pregnancy loss (χ21=11.8, P<.001; χ21=20.9, P<.001; χ21=52.3, P<.001; χ21=22.6, P<.001, respectively), while participants from LMICs were more likely to use the app to improve their sexual health (χ21=18.2; P<.001).
Table 3. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs) versus reasons for using the app (N=2212).Reasons for using the appHIC, n (%)LMIC, n (%)Chi-square (df)P valueMenstrual cycle and symptom tracking1257 (83.1)537 (76.9)11.8 (1)<.001Irregular cycles and related conditions324 (21.4)149 (21.3)0.0 (1).99Pregnancy tracking611 (40.4)211 (30.2)20.9 (1)<.001To help me get pregnant894 (59.1)297 (42.5)52.3 (1)<.001To help me not get pregnant172 (11.4)78 (11.2)0.0(1).94Pregnancy loss130 (8.6)21 (3)22.6 (1)<.001Sexual health385 (25.4)240 (34.4)18.2 (1)<.001Get tailored health information502 (33.2)231 (33)0.0(1).99To learn more about my body611 (40.4)303 (43.4)1.6 (1).20We further tested whether users from LMICs and HICs achieved their health and knowledge improvement in their intended areas of app use. We found that users from HICs were significantly more likely to report that they became pregnant while using the Flo app (χ21=17.0; P<.001; Table S1 in , question 29), as well as know more about their baby’s development (χ21=4.2; P=.04; Table S1 in , question 36) and communicate better with their HCPs (χ21=6.2; P=.01; Table S2 in , question 53) and partners about their cycle (χ21=5.7; P=.02; Table S3 in , question 47).
Users from LMICs were significantly more likely to self-report that using Flo had helped them improve their understanding of sexual health (χ21=17.7; P<.001; Table S2 in , question 53)—more specifically, their understanding of STIs and how to avoid them (χ21=8.1; P=.004; Table S2 in , question 61) and how to have safe sex (χ21=17.6; P<.001; Table S2 in , question 61), as well as their understanding of their sexuality (χ21=14.7; P<.001; Table S2 in , question 62) and how to get more pleasure during sex (χ21=5.0; P=.03; Table S2 in , question 62). In addition to improving their sexual health, users from LMICs also reported improvements in understanding of whether their period flow was normal or not (χ21=6.3; P=.01; Table S3 in , question 47); how to identify issues related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS; χ21=6.7; P=.001; Table S3 in , question 47); and how to manage menstrual symptoms (χ21=23.8; P<.001; Table S3 in , question 51) and postpartum symptoms (χ21=8.9; P=.002; Table S1 in , question 39). Finally, users from LMICs also reported improvements in physical (χ21=25.1; P<.001; Table S2 in , question 53) and mental health (χ21=4.7; P=.03; Table S2 in , question 53), including having more energy (χ21=4.5; P=.03; Table S2 in , question 57); sleeping better (χ21=6.0; P=.01; Table S2 in , question 57); having better stress management skills (χ21=5.0; P=.03; Table S2 in , question 59); and reducing harmful habits (χ21=5.0, P=.03; Table S2 in , question 59). Complete results regarding knowledge and health improvements in the pregnancy, general health, and cycle health between HICs and LMICs are shown in Tables S1, S2, and S3, respectively, in .
Knowledge and Health Improvements in Relation to Paid Versus Free App UseSimilar to users with higher education, Flo Premium users reported using the app mainly for pregnancy-related issues (pregnancy tracking: χ21=109.8, P<.001; to help get pregnant: χ21=21.4, P<.001) as well as to obtain tailored health information relevant to them (χ21=16.7; P<.001; ).
Table 4. Reasons for using the app versus app use characteristics (N=2212).Reasons for using the appFa, n (%)Pb, n (%)F vs PLTc, n (%)STd, n (%)LT vs STFre, n (%)If, n (%)Fr vs IaP: premium app user.
bF: free app user.
cLT: long-term app user.
dST: short-term app user.
eFr: frequent user of the app.
fI: infrequent user of the app.
We investigated whether Flo Premium users achieved health and knowledge improvements in their intended areas of the app use. First, we found that premium users of Flo were more likely to report knowledge improvements in almost all areas of pregnancy health (Table S1 in , questions 29, 32, 34, 36, and 39). In addition, premium users were more likely to report knowledge and health improvements regarding their menstrual health (Table S2 in , questions 17, 46, 47, and 51). Finally, Flo Premium users were more likely to report that Flo had helped them improve all aspects of general health (except sexual health), as well as improve communication with HCPs; specifically, Flo Premium users felt more confident in sharing what was going on in their body when communicating with their HCPs (Table S3 in , questions 53 and 64).
Complete responses regarding knowledge and health improvements in pregnancy, cycle, and general health in relation to paid versus free app use are shown in Tables S1, S2, and S3, respectively, in .
Knowledge and Health Improvements in Relation to Frequency of the App UseSimilar to users with higher education and Flo Premium users, participants who used the app frequently reported using the app mainly for pregnancy-related issues (pregnancy tracking: χ21=26.8; P<.001; to get help with becoming pregnant: χ21=30.8; P<.001), whereas infrequent app users were more likely to report using the app to track irregular cycles and related conditions (χ21=5.4; P=.02; ).
We examined whether frequent users of Flo achieved pregnancy health and knowledge improvements from app use. As shown in Table S1 in , frequent Flo app users were more likely to report that Flo app had helped them become pregnant (χ21=4.5; P=.03; question 30); prepare for a healthy pregnancy (χ21=4.9; P=.03; question 32); and improve their pregnancy health knowledge (χ21=16.2; P<.001; question 34). For example, frequent Flo app users reported that Flo had helped them to know more about their baby’s development (χ21=6.6; P=.01); their body during pregnancy (χ21=6.7; P=.01); basic do’s and don’ts during pregnancy (χ21=4.5; P=.03; Table S1 in , question 36); and how pregnancy affects their physical health (χ21=4.4; P=.04; Table S1 in , question 39).
In addition to improvements in pregnancy health and knowledge, study participants who used the Flo app frequently were more likely to report improvements in menstrual health knowledge (Table S2 in ) such as what symptoms were normal throughout the cycle (χ21=6.1; P=.01; question 47) and how to estimate the most fertile period by using cycle-related knowledge (χ21=32.7; P<.001; question 51). Frequent app users were also more likely to say that Flo had helped them to identify issues related to endometriosis (χ21=3.9; P=.047) and improved communication with their partners about their cycle (χ21=30.6; P<.001; Table S2 in , question 47). Finally, frequent Flo app users were more likely to report improvements in communication with a HCPs (χ21=13.1; P<.001; Table S3 in , question 53), that is, they became more confident in asking questions about their health and body (χ21=6.4; P=.01) and they became more confident in understanding their reproductive health (χ21=9.1; P=.003; Table S3 in , question 64).
Complete responses regarding knowledge and health improvements in pregnancy, cycle, and general health in relation to the frequency of the app use are shown in Tables S1, S2, and S3, respectively, in .
Knowledge and Health Improvements in Relation to Long Versus Short App UseAs shown in , short-term users reported using the app mainly for help with becoming pregnant (χ21=26.1; P<.001) as opposed to long-term users who reported using the app to help avoid pregnancy (χ21=30.6; P<.001); track menstrual cycle and symptoms (χ21=46.5; P<.001); track irregular cycles and related conditions (χ21=6.0; P=.01); learn more about their body (χ21=10.3; P=.001); learn more about sexual health (χ21=18.0; P<.001); and obtain tailored health information relevant to them (χ21=8.1; P=.004).
We found that short-term Flo users were more likely to report that Flo had helped them to know how to use their cycle to know when they were most fertile (χ21=8.1; P=.008; Table S1 in , question 51). At the same time, long-term users were more likely to report improvements across multiple areas of cycle, pregnancy, and general health. Long-term Flo app users were more likely to report that Flo had improved their menstrual health knowledge such as knowing whether their cycle was regular (χ21=10.0; P=.002); cycle length was normal (χ21=5.4; P=.02); and period flow was normal (χ21=10.3; P=.001). In addition, they were more likely to say that Flo had helped them to identify issues related to PCOS (χ21=6.9; P=.009) and helped them to reduce premenstrual syndrome symptoms (χ21=14.4; P<.001; Table S1 in , question 47). In addition, long-term users were more likely to say that Flo had helped them to better understand how their cycle affected their mental (χ21=12.3; P<.001) and physical health (χ21=14.7; P<.001) and reactions to situations (lack of patience, sadness, etc; χ21=9.3; P=.002), as well as how to optimize their life around their cycle (χ21=4.8; P=.03; Table S1 in , question 51).
In addition, long-term users of Flo reported that had Flo helped them to improve their knowledge of fetal development (χ21=5.0; P=.03) and the management of pregnancy symptoms (χ21=10.0; P=.002) and postpartum symptoms (χ21=26.0; P<.001) as well as the reduction of risk of preterm labor (χ21=6.1; P=.01; Table S2 in , question 36 and 39). Finally, long-term users were more likely to report improvements in sexual (χ21=11.7; P<.001); mental (χ21=12.2; P<.001); and physical health (χ21=13.2; P<.001) and health behaviors (χ21=10.9; P<.001; Table S3 in , question 53). Most improvements were reported in sexual health knowledge such as STIs and how to avoid them (χ21=20.9; P<.001); the signs and symptoms of STIs (χ21=16.2; P<.001); safe sex (χ21=14.0; P<.001); contraception options (χ21=12.3; P<.001); and the signs and symptoms during sex that were indicative of a health issue (χ21=8.7; P<.003; Table S3 in , question 61).
Complete responses regarding knowledge and health improvements in cycle, pregnancy, and general health in relation to short-term versus long-term app use are shown in Tables S1, S2, and S3, respectively, in .
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the Flo app on health and knowledge improvements, with a specific focus on menstrual cycle and pregnancy health. In addition, we aimed to explore whether such effects differed based on education level, country of residence, and app use characteristics (ie, free or paid subscription, frequent or infrequent app use, and short- or long-term app use). We found that most participants reported menstrual cycle and pregnancy knowledge and health improvements upon using the Flo app. These improvements were mostly associated with the use of period and fertile day predictions, symptom-tracking features, and the consumption of relevant in-app health content (articles and videos). Users with different levels of education, countries of residence, and app use patterns differed in their selected health goals. The strongest improvements in knowledge and health were observed in premium, frequent, and long-term users.
Benefits of Using Menstrual Cycle– and Pregnancy-Tracking AppsOur study is the first to date examining the effect of the mobile app Flo in improving menstrual and pregnancy knowledge and health as self-reported by its users. Most users who tracked their menstrual cycle with Flo reported that the app had helped them understand whether their menstrual cycle was normal or not; specifically, whether their cycle was regular, whether their cycle length was within the norms, and whether it was typical to have certain symptoms during their cycle. Menstrual cycle is a vital indicator of women’s health, and cycle abnormalities might be a sign of an underlying health issue []. For example, prolonged cycle length and cycle irregularity, in combination with other symptoms such as excessive body hair and acne, might be signs of PCOS [], while painful and heavy periods or bleeding between periods might be indicative of endometriosis []. By improving the understanding of what a normal menstrual cycle is and what body symptoms and signs are associated with it, individuals are equipped with tools to make informed decisions as to whether symptoms they experience may require medical attention. Studies show that increased self-awareness promotes successful health behavior changes and makes individuals more proactive about seeking appropriate care when needed [,]. This is of vital importance given that the diagnosis of certain conditions such as endometriosis can be delayed for 8 to 12 years []. Prevention or early detection of reproductive conditions can improve women’s quality of life as well as decrease the time to diagnosis and medical costs associated with treatment, thereby reducing the economic burden on health care systems [,].
One in 3 participants in our sample reported that the Flo app had helped them to improve communication with an HCP. This is not surprising considering that better self-awareness and understanding of one’s own menstrual cycle and body were shown to be important for improving provider-patient communication []. According to the UK Women’s Health Strategy Survey, 1 in 4 women do not feel comfortable talking to health care professionals about their menstrual cycle, while most women do not feel heard by their physician []. Our results suggest that women’s health apps could improve the education and self-awareness of one’s menstrual health and facilitate patient-physician conversations.
Our survey respondents also reported that the use of the Flo app had helped them manage their menstrual symptoms such as bad mood or cramps. Symptoms that women experience during their menstrual cycle can negatively impact their quality of life, work productivity, and increase health care costs []. Dysmenorrhea (a commonly reported cramp-like pain occurring before or during periods) can affect approximately 45% to 95% of women and is associated with productivity loss and absenteeism (ie, absence from work) [-]. Furthermore, symptoms of endometriosis such as painful periods or chronic pelvic pain can also negatively impact work performance and can lead to 10.8 hours of lost work per week with an annual total productivity loss of €6298 (US $6838) per woman [,], in addition to the profound effects on psychological and social well-being [,]. In addition, 65.1% (309/475) of the Flo users reported that the app had helped them manage their irregular cycles and related conditions, with 1 in 3 participants reporting improvements in their mental health. Perceived improvements in cycle symptom management were largely associated with period predictions (935/1276, 73.3%) and reading and watching articles and video sources in the app (787/1276, 61.7%). Given that menstrual cycle symptoms have an impact on several aspects of women’s lives, cycle-tracking apps can help with being mentally prepared for upcoming periods (eg, via period predictions) and can provide insights into how to manage cycle symptoms (eg, via educational content).
Most participants who had used Flo to track their pregnancy reported improvements in pregnancy and postnatal health knowledge (eg, knowing how to manage pregnancy symptoms and which symptoms require medical attention) and well-being (eg, body image issues associated with pregnancy). Women’s health during pregnancy has profound effects on subsequent generations []. Poor maternal health can lead to low neonatal weight and reduced chances of survival, congenital abnormalities, problems with child behavior, poor school performance, and adult health and productivity [-]. Furthermore, maternal behaviors such as smoking or alcohol consumption during pregnancy may be significant drivers of infant health issues [,]. Therefore, health apps that allow pregnancy tracking are promising tools for improving knowledge about maternal and newborn health, thus decreasing the chances of pregnancy-related complications and child health issues.
Benefits of Using Menstrual Cycle–Tracking Apps for LMICs and HICsAlthough participants from LMICs (699/2212, 32.6% of the sample) intended to use the Flo app to improve their sexual health (eg, gaining knowledge of STIs and how to avoid them, safe sex, etc), they also reported significantly higher improvements in multiple areas of their health (menstrual cycle, mental and physical health, and improved healthy behaviors). Compared with HICs, where reproductive and sexual education is mandatory in many schools and menstrual health has started to gain increasing attention from governmental and health care authorities (eg, Women’s Health Strategy in England in 2021) [], LMICs often lack formal menstrual health education, resulting in high levels of stigma and shame surrounding menstruation and sex []. Poor period education results in a lack of knowledge about menstrual cycle norms; menstrual hygiene; gynecological conditions and their symptoms; and sexual health (eg, contraception and STIs). Specifically, according to the World Bank classification, LMICs have the highest prevalence of STIs (eg, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, and syphilis), and the awareness of STIs other than HIV in those countries is very low [-]. Therefore, menstrual and sexual health apps, together with systemic governmental and societal education efforts, can mitigate long-term repercussions of poor health literacy, thereby decreasing unfavorable health outcomes such as infertility, abortions, preterm delivery, and perinatal and neonatal morbidities and helping with cutting health care costs associated with STI treatment [-].
Flo app users from HICs reported using the app to help them get pregnant and for pregnancy and menstrual cycle tracking. We found that users from HICs were statistically more likely to report that they became pregnant while using the Flo app, while 97.6% (451/462) acknowledged that fertile days and ovulation predictions made by the Flo app helped them become pregnant. Despite an increase in social and governmental momentum to improve menstrual and sexual health literacy in HICs, topics such as fertility and healthy pregnancy have not received the attention they deserve. A survey conducted on a sample of 1000 American participants showed that younger women (aged 18-24 years) demonstrated a low level of knowledge about conception, ovulation, and the effect of age on the length of time to conception and miscarriage risks. Women aged 25 to 40 years were more likely to believe in common myths around fertility and conception. Finally, more than one-quarter of all survey participants were unaware of factors impacting fertility such as STIs or obesity []. Therefore, health apps might help to save costs associated with infertility treatments by educating users on factors impacting fertility and providing fertile window– and ovulation-tracking functionalities to optimize conception strategies.
Menstrual cycle– and pregnancy-tracking apps might represent promising tools for improving reproductive health knowledge and health among women globally. This is largely owing to the anonymity, scalability, and accessibility of such digital solutions. According to a 2019 survey by the
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