Middle cerebral artery infarction, A rare complication of intracranial cryptococcoma in an immunocompetent patient: A case report and literature review

Introduction

Diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system (CNS) cryptococcoma is more complicated than of meningitis. First, cryptococcomas are radiologically non-specific, and may be mistaken for malignant lesions; diagnosis may therefore only be made on histologic examination after resection. Second, the symptoms are unspecific. Common symptoms identified in our literature review, which included headaches, seizures and fever, are often seen in other CNS diseases as well. The common initial signs of cryptococcomas are an increasing intracranial pressure (IICP) and neurological focal signs. There has been no case in which hemiplegia was present according to our literature review. Of the 15 cases of pathology-confirmed intracranial cryptococcoma in the literature, there was no case complicated by middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction. Here, we discuss a case of intracranial cryptococcoma with an ipsilateral MCA infarction.

Clinical presentation

A 40-year-old male patient presenting with progressive headaches and sudden-onset left-sided weakness was referred to our emergency room. The patient did not have a prior history of any systemic diseases and was otherwise healthy. He worked as a construction worker and denied having any contact with pigeons. At presentation, he was lethargic and febrile, with left-side weakness. Neurologic examination revealed a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) of E3V5M6 with left-sided hemiplegia (muscle power: grade 0), normal cranial nerves, and a positive Babinski sign. Emergency brain computed tomography (CT) was arranged for highly-suspected MCA infarction, and showed an intra-axial mass lesion at the right frontal lobe with severe perifocal edema. A marked midline shift to the left was also noted. A blood test revealed leukocytosis and an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) level, while chest x-ray showed left lower-lobe consolidation with left paratracheal lymph node enlargement and pleural effusion. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) further delineated a large mass of 53 mm in the right middle frontal lobe with an avid marginal enhancement and central necrosis (Figure 1). Another small lesion of 18 mm in the right caudate head with similar enhancement plus hemorrhaging and diffuse swelling of the right frontal and temporal-occipital lobes was also detected (Figure 2). Right MCA infarction was also apparent on the MRI images (Figure 3). The initial differential diagnoses included a brain abscess, glioma and metastasis. An emergency consultation with a neurosurgeon was conducted under suspicion of a high-grade brain tumor causing cerebral infarct. The patient underwent an emergency craniotomy with en-bloc excision of an elastic solid mass (Figure 4).

Figure 1. Post-contrast T1-weighted images showed a right frontal mass with a rugged marginal enhancement and possible extensive interior necrotic change; this was also suggested by the presence of a lactic acid peak on MR spectroscopy.

Figure 2. Diffusion-weighted images showed a right frontal mass without water restriction that differed from the abscess (white arrowhead), and a large area of water restriction in the right frontotemporal lobe, suggesting a massive arterial infarction in the MCA vascular region (black arrowhead).

Figure 3. Susceptibility-weighted images showed a mildly increased vascularity in the right frontal mass and a curvilinear dark signal in the right sylvian fissure cistern near the thrombosis of the middle cerebral artery (white arrowhead).

Figure 4. Gross appearance of the resected infectious tumor; microscopic section with PAS; and GMS stain showing hyphal formation.

After this initial operation, the patient's consciousness became clearer (GCS: E4V5M6); however, the left hemiparesis remained (muscle power grade 1–2). On the 4th day after tumor excision, disturbance of consciousness was again noted, with a GCS of E1V1M5. Emergency brain CT showed deteriorating right hemisphere swelling, a leftward midline shift, obstructive hydrocephalus, and brainstem compression. A frontal lobectomy was performed 6 cm from the anterior frontal tip for decompression. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, except for intermittent episodes of fever that were difficult to control. The pathology report later identified a Cryptococcus infection (Figure 4). An infectious disease doctor was consulted, and the patient was started on antifungal treatment with amphotericin B plus flucytosine as per recommendations. After 4 weeks of treatment, the patient recovered well but with continued left hemiparesis. The patient received consolidation therapy with fluconazole (800 mg) for 8 weeks, followed by maintenance therapy with fluconazole (200 mg) for 9 months after discharge. Currently, no recurrence has been noted since completion of the antifungal therapy.

Discussion

The current case was an intracranial cryptococcoma with ipsilateral MCA infarction in an immunocompetent patient. Due to the uncommon nature of this case, a comprehensive literature review to examine the incidence, clinical manifestations and complications of cryptococcoma was conducted.

Cryptococcus meningitis is known to be one of the most common opportunistic infections of the CNS. A review of the literature showed that the incidence of Cryptococcus meningitis is approximately one-million people per year, with at least 600,000 mortalities worldwide. Infections most commonly occur in immunosuppressed hosts (1). Another global review study indicated a significant difference in incidence between high-income and middle to low income countries. The 90-day case-fatality rate from HIV-associated Cryptococcus meningitis in East Asia, Oceania, Western Europe, and the US is 9%, as compared with 55% in other parts of Asia and South America, and 70% in sub-Saharan Africa. This disparity is due to a combination of earlier access to antiretroviral therapy and the availability of fungicidal drugs in high-income countries (2).

The overall CNS involvement in cryptococcosis was estimated to be 42% in Taiwan (3). The incidence of Cryptococcus meningitis ranges from 4.0 to 5.5 per million people per year, with an average incidence of 4.7 per million people per year. A national multicenter epidemiology study in Taiwan from 1997 to 2010 revealed a higher prevalence of cryptococcosis in HIV-negative patients (73%). In addition, 15% of patients had no major comorbidity factors, such as chronic hepatitis or diabetes mellitus. Meningoencephalitis was the most common presentation of cryptococcosis (58.9%) (4).

Compared with these review studies, our case study involved a relatively young male with an HIV-negative status and no underlying conditions such as liver disease, diabetes mellitus, malignancy, kidney disease, or solid organ transplantation. To date, there have only been case reports of cryptococcoma in immunocompetent patients, and no large series studies; therefore, we reviewed the literature to identify these case reports. Table 1 summarizes the case reports from 2013/1/1 to 2016/12/31. To the best of our knowledge, only 15 case reports exist. Headaches, which were the most common symptom, occurred in 10 cases (67%); five patients presented with seizures (33%), four with vomiting (27%), four with a fever (27%), and one with a change in mental status (7%). Muscle weakness was noted in three patients (20%).

Table 1. Following list are the reviewed case reports.

It was generally known that cryptococcomas can present as a single lesion or multiple lesions and occur in the cerebral parenchyma, basal gangalion, cerebellum, pons, and choroid plexus. In our literature review, there were 6 cases of cryptococcoma occurring in the cerebral parenchyma (40%) and 3 cases in the basal ganglion (20%) (Table 1). However, no case presented with MCA infarction according to the review, which implies that the current case had a particularly rare presentation with an unusual large MCA infarction.

In CNS fungal infections, acute cerebrovascular events take the form of either ischemic (commonly) or hemorrhagic (uncommonly) strokes. Aspergillus, Zygomycetes, Candida, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Cryptococcus, Penicillium, etc. are all known fungal infections rarely presenting with acute cerebrovascular events (20). R. Raman et al. stated the hypothesis that gradual contiguous involvement of the skull base structures in cases of prolonged paranasal fungal sinusitis (commonly aspergillosis, zygomycosis, cladosporiosis, etc.) leads to angio-invasion, which in turn results in fungal vasculitis, and thereafter thrombotic occlusions occur in the major branches of the cerebral vasculature at the skull base: internal carotid arteries and/or vertebro-basilar system (20). In the current case, our hypothesis was that hyphae invaded the vessel walls of major vasculature at the skull base and caused cerebral arterial thrombosis, cerebral infarction and cerebritis. Sharma et.al stated that in a series of 170 patients, there were 45 cases of major cerebral artery thrombosis, especially either in the ICA or the basilar artery. Ischemic cerebral strokes also result due to cardiac emboli in patients with fungal endocarditis.

Diagnosis of CNS cryptococcoma remains difficult. According to our review, 4/15 (27%) patients were misdiagnosed and treated for brain tumors or a vascular malformation until pathologic examination confirmed a Cryptococcus infection. In the review of Li, Q et al., the rate of misdiagnosis was 9/17 (53%) (21). The reasons for frequent misdiagnosis are described below.

First, symptoms are nonspecific. The common symptoms identified in our review, which included headaches, seizures and fever, are often seen in other CNS diseases. The common initial signs of cryptococcomas are an increasing intracranial pressure (IICP) and neurological focal signs (6). These symptoms are also present in brain tumors or abscesses. The IICP sign leads to a poor prognosis and makes diagnosis more difficult. Typically, Cryptococcus infections can be detected by CSF antigen titer and CSF analysis via lumbar puncture, which can be less invasive than a surgical biopsy. In our case, lumbar puncture was not possible due to the contraindication of IICP.

Second, it is difficult to diagnose cryptococcoma on the basis of imaging. However, according to some of the reports in the literature, the imaging characteristics of CNS cryptococcoma could also be seen in granulomatous tumors and abscesses (6). The common findings in images of brain cryptococcoma were multifocal basal ganglia and midbrain T2 hyperintensities due to gelatinous pseudocysts (cryptococcomas) and dilated Virchow-Robin spaces (22, 23). In our case, the small lesion in the caudate head also represented a typical image-based finding. Brain infarction complicated by infection is commonly seen in aspergillosis, but not in cryptococcosis (24, 25). Multiple lesions with infarctions or hemorrhaging are of a random distribution due to the angio-invasive nature. Hemorrhaging occurs in approximately 25% of lesions (25).

Third, brain abscesses arising from Cryptococcus infections are considered rare in immunocompetent patients. The incidence of other intracranial lesions is higher than those arising from Cryptococcus infection. However, a review of local studies revealed that Cryptococcus meningitis in HIV-negative patients is not uncommon in Taiwan (73% without HIV infection) (4), and that Cryptococcus neoformans is the most frequent species in CNS cryptococcosis (1). A genotype study by Tseng, H.K., et al. showed that C. neoformans is the most prevalent species of Cryptococcus in Taiwan (4). In addition, the variant Cryptococcus gattii often infects immunocompetent patients and grows mainly in the soil under Eucalyptus trees; it is not present in avian feces (16).

In our case, the patient was a non-HIV-infected, non-transplant host, but presented with cryptococcoma and not meningoencephalitis. For the treatment of a non-HIV-infected, non-transplant host with complications, we followed the practical guidelines of the Infectious Disease Society of America (26): induction therapy administered as amphotericin B (0.7–1 mg/kg per day I.V.), liposomal amphotericin B (3–4 mg/kg per day I.V.), or amphotericin B lipid complex (5 mg/kg per day I.V.) plus flucytosine (100 mg/kg per day orally in 4 divided doses) for at least 6 weeks. Consolidation and maintenance therapy was completed with fluconazole (400–800 mg per day orally) for 6–18 months. The guidelines also suggest surgery for large (≥3-cm) or accessible lesions with mass effects. In our case, the large lesion measured 5.3 cm with a mass effect; thus, surgical intervention was recommended.

Conclusion

Diagnosing fungal infections, especially Cryptococcus CNS infections, that present as a space-occupying lesion in an immunocompetent patient remains challenging according to the unspecific symptoms. Intracranial cryptococcoma can lead to ischemic cerebral stroke, and can mimic a brain tumor, and therefore Cryptococcus infection should always be considered in patients with brain mass lesions with abnormal lab data.

Data availability statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Ethics statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by IRB of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital . The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Author contributions

LYC, CSC, TCC and CTW completed the manuscript. JSM, HSH, LZH were responsible for pathologic diagnosis. CSC, CCT, TPH, were responsible for the imaging interpretation. HYC is the corresponding author, who supervised the completion of this manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Acknowledgment

We acknowledge the assistance from the IRB of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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