This work has been carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2000) of the World Medical Association. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the hospital (Ethical approval NO. 2020-SR-226). As a retrospective study, the informed consent was waived by the ethics committee.

Juan Wu: Supervision, Resources, Writing – original draft, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Conceptualization. Xihua Huang: Resources, Formal analysis, Investigation. Xufeng Chen: Supervision, Conceptualization. Yong Mei: Resources, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology. Feng Sun: Supervision, Resources, Funding acquisition, Writing – review & editing, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Conceptualization.

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

The authors would like to acknowledge Yun Gao, Yuan Guo, Hui Zhang, Weiwei Wang, Yongxia Gao, Jinru Lv, Deliang Hu, Wei Li, Gang Zhang and Huazhong Zhang for data collection assistance.

This study was funded by Peking Union Medical College Fund-Rui E Emergency Medicine Research Special Fund (R2020012).

There are more references available in the full text version of this article.

© 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.