Barroso A, Brown A. Gender pay gap in US held steady in 2020. n.d. Accessed at: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/05/25/gender-pay-gap-facts/. Accessed on October 10, 2022.

Sangji NF, Fuentes E, Donelan K, et al. Gender disparity in trauma surgery: compensation, practice patterns, personal life and wellness. J Surg Res. 2020;250:179–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2019.12.048.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bruce AN, Battista A, Plankey MW, et al. Perceptions of gender-based discrimination during surgical training and practice. Med Educ Online. 2015;20:25923.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jackson TN, Pearcy CP, Khorgami Z, et al. The physician attrition crisis: a cross-sectional survey of the risk factors for reduced job satisfaction among US surgeons. World J Surg. 2018;42:1285–92.

Article  Google Scholar 

IHS Markit Inc. The complexities of physician supply and demand 2017 update: projections from 2015 to 2030. Washington, DC: Executive Summary. Final report. Association of American Medical Colleges 2017.

Google Scholar 

Drudi LM, Mitchel EL, Chandra V, et al. A gender-based analysis of predictors and sequelae of burnout among practicing American vascular surgeons. J Vasc Surg. 2021;75:1422–30.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dimou FM, Eckelbarger D, Riall TS. Surgeon burnout: a systematic review. J Am Coll Surg. 2016;222:1230–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cimbak N, Stolarski A, Moseley J, et al. Burnout leads to premature surgeon retirement: a nationwide survey. J Surg Res. 2019;2:159–69.

Article  Google Scholar 

Panagioti M, Geraghty K, Johnson J, et al. Association between physician burnout and patient safety, professionalism, and patient satisfaction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178:1317–31.

Article  Google Scholar 

Shanafelt TD, Balch CM, Bechamps G, et al. Burnout and medical errors among American surgeons. Ann Surg. 2010;251:995–1000.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dyrbye LN, Shanafelt TD, Sinsky CA, et al. Burnout among healthcare professionals: a call to explore and address this underrecognized threat to safe, high-quality care. Washington, DC: National Academy of Medicine 2017.

Google Scholar 

National Academy of Medicine. National plan for health workforce well-being. Dzau VJ, Kirch D, Murthy V, Nasca T, editors. NAM special publication. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2022. https://doi.org/10.17226/26744

Lall MD, Perman SM, Garg N, et al. Intention to leave emergency medicine: mid-career women are at increased risk. W J Emerg Med. 2020;21(5):1131–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Shanafelt TD, Hasan O, Dyrbye LN, et al. Changes in burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance in physicians and the general US working population between 2011 and 2014. Mayo Clinic Proc. 2015;90(12):1600–13.

Article  Google Scholar 

Medscape National Physician Burnout, Depression & Suicide Report 2019. Medscape. n.d. Available at: https://www.medscape.com/slideshow/2019-lifestyle-burnout-depression-6011056. Accessed on October 12, 2022.

Shanafelt TD, West CP, Sinsky C, et al. Changes in burnout and satisfaction with work-life integration in physicians and the general US working population between 2011 and 2017. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94(9):1681–94.

Article  Google Scholar 

Alshallah S. Job satisfaction and motivation: how do we inspire employees? RadiolManag. 2004;26(2):47–51.

Google Scholar 

Salmore R. Praise as a means to increase job satisfaction. Gastroenterol Nurs. 1990;13(2):98–100.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mete M, Dickman J, Rowe S, et al. Beyond burnout: understanding the well-being gender gap in general surgery by examining professional fulfillment and control over schedule. Am J Surg. 2022; 223609–14.

Dyrbye LN, Shanafelt TD, Balch CM, et al. Relationship between work-home conflicts and burnout among American surgeons: a comparison by sex. Arch Surg. 2011;146(2):211–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

West CP, Dyrbye LN, Shanafelt TD. Physician burnout: contributors, consequences and solutions. J Intern Med. 2018;283(6):516–29.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

McMurray JE, Linzer M, Konrad TR, et al. The work lives of women physicians results from the physician work life study. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15(6):372–80.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Jolly S, Griffith KA, DeCastro R, et al. Gender differences in time spent on parenting and domestic responsibilities by high-achieving young physician-researchers. Ann Int Med. 2014;160(5):344–53.

Article  Google Scholar 

Baptiste D, Fecher AM, Dolejs SC, et al. Gender difference in academic surgery: work-life balance and satisfaction. J Surg res. 2017;218:99–107.

Article  Google Scholar 

Carr PL, Raj A, Kaplan SE, et al. Gender differences in academic medicine: retention, rank, and leadership comparisons from the National Faculty Survey. Acad Med. 2018;93(11):1694–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Choo EK, Kass D, Westergaard M, et al. The development of best practice recommendations to support the hiring, recruitment, and advancement of women physicians in emergency medicine. AcadEmerg Med. 2016;23(11):1203–9.

Google Scholar 

Joseph B, Pandit V, Hadeed G, et al. Unveiling posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma surgeons: a national survey. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;77(1):148–54.

Article  Google Scholar 

Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Data resource book 2017–2018. Chicago, IL. n.d. Available at http://www.acgme.org/About-Us/Publications-and-Resources/Graduate-Medical-Education-Data-Resource-Book. Accessed October 12, 2022.

Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Data resource book 2007–2008. Chicago, IL. n.d. Available at http://www.acgme.org/About-Us/Publications-and-Resources/Graduate-Medical-Education-Data-Resource-Book. Accessed October 12, 2022.

Association of American Medical Colleges. Distribution of full-time faculty by department, rank, and gender. 2015. Available at: https://www.aamc.org/download/4811182/data/2015table3.pdf. Accessed October 12, 2022.

American College of Surgeons. Society of Surgical Charis, Membership Directory, January-December 2019. n.d. Available at: https://www.facs.org/~/media/files/member%20services/ssc/ssc_membership_directory_2019.ashx. Accessed October 12, 2022.

Longo P, Straehley CJ. Whack! I’ve hit the glass ceiling! Women’s efforts to gain status in surgery. Gend Med. 2008;5:88–100.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ramas ME, Webber S, Braden AL, et al. Innovative wellness models to support advancement and retention among women physicians. Pediatrics. 2021;148(2):1–7.

Google Scholar 

Steakley L. Stanford establishes ‘banking system’ to help faculty balance their professional and personal lives. n.d. Available at: https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2012/10/16/stanford-steablishes-banking-system-to-help-faculty-balance-their-professional-and-personal-lives/. Accessed October 12, 2022.

Jones CE, Fox ED, Holsten SB, et al. Burnout reduction in acute care surgeons: impact of faculty schedule change at a level 1 trauma and tertiary care center. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2022;93(4):439–45.

Article  Google Scholar