Cardiothoracic Surgical Critical Care Leadership and TrainingPro: Cardiothoracic Anesthesiologists Should Run Postcardiac Surgical Intensive Care Units [38]Weiss, S.J.2004JCVAPro and con debate about cardiothoracic anesthesiologists running CT-ICUsCon: Cardiothoracic Anesthesiologists Should Not Run Postcardiac Surgical Intensive Care Units [39]Ramsey, J.2004JCVAPro and con debate about cardiothoracic anesthesiologists running CT-ICUsThe Emerging Specialty of Cardiothoracic Surgical Critical Care: The Leadership Role of Cardiothoracic Surgeons on the Multidisciplinary Team [16]Katz, N.M.2007JTCVSEditorial on CT-CCM as a new specialty and importance of CT surgeons in CT-ICU leadershipThe Evolution of Cardiothoracic Critical Care [40]Katz, N.M.2011JTCVSEditorial on importance of CT-CCM and leading role of a CT surgeonThe Thoracic Surgical Intensivist: The Best Critical Care Doctor for Our Thoracic Surgical Patients [41]Whitson, B.A. and D’Cunha, J.2011Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.Editorial on recognition of critical care as integral component of cardiac surgery with surgeons as leadersCardiothoracic Surgical Critical Care: Principles, Goals and Direction [42]Sherif, H.M.2012Int. J. Surg.Editorial on CT-CCM as distinct discipline, its basic principles, and future directions Developing A Curriculum for Cardiothoracic Surgical Critical Care: Impetus and Goals [43]Sherif, H.M.2012JTCVSSample curriculum for surgical CT-CCM trainingIt Is Time for Certification In Cardiothoracic Critical Care [44]Katz, N.M.2013JTCVSEditorial calling for unique cardiothoracic surgical certification in critical careThe American Board of Thoracic Surgery: Update [45]Calhoon, J.H.2013JTCVSOfficial ABTS statement regarding all the certifications provided by the board. Additionally, addresses critical care pathways for surgeons and decline development of ABTS CCM certification.Critical Care: American Board of Thoracic Surgery Update [46]Baumgartner, W.A. et al.2013JTCVSABTS explaining its reasoning why it will not support certification in cardiothoracic critical care, written in response to Katz, 2013. Certification in Cardiothoracic Surgical Critical Care [47]Sherif, H.M., and L.H. Cohn2014JTCVSEditorial in response to Katz 2013 supporting development of certification by ABTS Meeting The Expanded Challenges of The Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit [48]Katz, N.M.2015JTCVSEditorial addressing changes in organization and technology in CT-ICUs, with surgical leadership at the forefront.Is Cardiac Anaesthesiologist The Best Person to Look After Cardiac Critical Care? [49]Mehta, Y.2015Ann. Card. Anaesth.Editorial outlining benefits of cardiac anesthesiologists as CT-ICU intensivists Cardiothoracic Surgical Critical Care Certification: A Future Of Distinction [50]Sherif, H.M.2016JTCVSEditorial highlighting the need for CT-CCM certification within cardiothoracic surgery boardCardiothoracic Surgical Critical Care Surgeons: Many Of The Few [51]Sherif, H.M.2016JTCVSLetter to the editor in repones to N.D. Andersen, highlighting benefits of establishing CT-CCM as a subspecialty Certification in Cardiothoracic Surgical Critical Care: A Distinction For Some Or For All? [52]Andersen, N.D.2016JTCVSCall for CT-CCM surgical certification process attainable by current and future surgeons Cardiothoracic Surgical Critical Care Is Critical to Cardiothoracic Surgery [53] Whitson, B.A.2016JTCVSLetter to the editor highlighting importance of critical care to practice of cardiothoracic surgery Redifining Our Cardiothoracic Surgical Intensive Care Units: Change is Good [54]Chan, E.G., and J. D’Cunha2016JTCVSLetter to the editor from ABTS members outline steps needed to advance the process of CT-CCM certification Cardiothoracic Critical Care: A New Specialty [55]Andrews, M.C. et al.2017ASA MonitorEditorial highlighting benefits of dual training in cardiothoracic and critical care anesthesiologyCardiothoracic Anesthesia and Critical Care: An Ever-Changing (and Evolving) Field [56]Bartels, K., and S.J. Dieleman2019Anes. Clin.Preface to Special Issue of the journal centered on cardiothoracic anesthesia and critical careEvolving role of anesthesiology intensivists in cardiothoracic critical care [57]Shelton, K.T. and J.P. Wiener-Kronish,2020AnesthesiologyEditorial highlighting cardiothoracic surgical intensivists at Massachusetts General HospitalStaffing of CT-ICUsCardiothoracic Intensive Care: Operation and Administration [58] Savino, J.S. et al.2000Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.Review article outlining emerging importance of physicians dedicated to postoperative medical and surgical management. Quality Improvement Program Decreases Mortality After Cardiac Surgery [59]Stamou, S.C. et al.2008JTCVSSingle center retrospective analysis of outcomes before and after implementation of quality improvement program, including multidisciplinary rounding involving intensivists. Implementation was associated with a decrease in mortality. Continous Quality Improvement Program and Major Morbidity After Cardiac Surgery [60] Stamou, S.C. et al.2008Am. J. Cardiol.Single-center retrospective analysis of continuous quality improvement program including multidisciplinary involvement and intensivists rounding decreased sepsis and cardiac tamponadeQuality Improvement Program Increases Early Tracheal Extubation Rate and Decreases Pulmonary Complications and Resource Utilization After Cardiac SurgeryCamp S.L. et al.2009J. Card. Surg.Single center retrospective analysis of quality improvement program implementation increased early extubation and decreased pulmonary complications Impact of 24-Hour In-House Intensivists on a Dedicated Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit [61]Kumar, K. et al.2009Ann. Thorac. Surg.Retrospective cohort study of 24 h in-house intensivist coverage associated with reduced hospital stay, transfusions, and requirement for mechanical ventilation Cardiothoracic Surgeon Management of Postoperative Cardiac Critical Care [62]Withman, G.J. et al.2011JAMARetrospective data review of patients after cardiac surgery where noncardiac intensivists were changed to cardiothoracic surgeons showing decreased length of stay and decrease drug costThe Benefits of 24/7 In-House Intensivist Coverage For Prolonged-Stay Cardiac Surgery Patients [63]Kumar, K.2014JTCVSRetrospective before-and-after observational study assessing outcomes in patients requiring prolonged CT-ICU stay after implementation of 24/7 in-house intensivists. Reduction in transfusions, ICU complications, total hospital stay, but no changes in ICU stay or 30-day mortality were observed.Postoperative Complications and Outcomes Associated with a Transition to 24/7 Intensivist Management of Cardiac Surgery Patients [64] Benoit, M.A. et al.2017Crit. Care Med.Retrospective before-and-after observational study comparing outcomes between night resident coverage to 24/7 in-house intensivists coverage. Change was associated with reduction in major postoperative complications, duration of mechanical ventilation, CT-ICU readmissions, and surgical postponement. Does The Full-Time Presence of An Intensivist Lead to Better Outcomes in The Cardiac Surgical Intensive Care Unit? [65]Huard, P. et al.2020JTCVSRetrospective before-and-after study comparing outcomes nighttime resident/fellow coverage to 24 h intensivist coverage. Implementation reduced mortality in patients with expected operative mortality of ≥5%, duration of mechanical ventilation, and the risk of prolonged ventilation. Influence of High-Intensity Staffing Model in a Cardiac Srugery Intensive Care Unit on Postoperative Clinical Outcomes [66]Lim, J.Y. et al.2020JTCVSRetrospective before-and-after analysis comparing resident ran service to daytime intensivists and night resident. Implementation reduced readmissions, infections, transfusions, but did not affect 30-day mortality. Survey of Contemporary Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit Models in The United States [67]Arora, R.C. et al.2020Ann. Thorac. Surg.Survey of current staffing models in CT-ICUs in the US. 47% open, 41% semi-open, and 12% closed. 67% were pulmonary/CCM and 44% of after-hours providers were physician assistants. The Presence of A Dedicated Cardiac Surgical Intensive Care Service Impacts Clinical Outcomes in Adult Cardiac Surgery Patients [68]Lee, L.S. et al.2022J. Card. Surg.Retrospective before-and-after study assessing outcomes after implementation of intensive care service. Length of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, and renal failure were significantly reduced, with greatest improvement in CABG patients. Importance of High-Performing Teams in the Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit [69]Kennedy-Metz, L.R. et al.2022JTCVSExpert editorial on high-functioning clinical teams relating to CT-ICU practice. Nationwide Clinical Practice Patterns of Anesthesiology Critical Care Physicians—A Survey to Members of The Society of Critical Care Anesthesiologists [70]Shaefi, S. et al.2022Anesth. & Analg.Nationwide survey of critical care anesthesiologist showing that nearly 70% practice in CT-ICUs.Selected CT-ICU Knowledge ReviewsCritical Care of the Cardiac Patient [71] Tung, A.2013Anesthesiol. Clin.Review of rapidly evolving areas of CT-ICU care: mechanical ventilation, transfusion thresholds, hemodynamic monitoring, and central line insertionCardiothoracic Critical Care [72]Lobdell, K.W. et al.2017Surg. Clin. N. Am.Review of CT-CCM concentrated on high-performing teams, system, and culture, demanding proactive, interactive, precise, and expert team.Advances in Critical Care Management of Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery [73]Aneman, A. et al.2018Intensive Care Med.Narrative review outlining standards of care, recent advances, and future areas of research in the critical care management of cardiothoracic patients. End-of-Life Care in Cardiothoracic Surgery [74]Birriel, B., and K. D’Angelo2019Crit. Care Nurs. Clin. N. Am.Review of literature on end-of-line care in CT-ICUDissemination and Implementation Science in Cardiothoracic Surgery: A Review and Case Study [75]Heiden, B.T. et al.2022Ann. Thorac. Surg.Expert review of dissemination and implementation science in the context of cardiothoracic surgeon, providing tools to implement evidence based practice.