Figure 1. Particle size of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.6% β-arbutin CSNPs. (n = 3). Different alphabets show significance difference, p < 0.05.

Figure 1. Particle size of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.6% β-arbutin CSNPs. (n = 3). Different alphabets show significance difference, p < 0.05.

Figure 2. Polydispersity index of 0.1%, 0.2%,0.3%,0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.6% β-arbutin CSNPs. (n = 3). No significance difference among all subsets.

Figure 2. Polydispersity index of 0.1%, 0.2%,0.3%,0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.6% β-arbutin CSNPs. (n = 3). No significance difference among all subsets.

Figure 3. Zeta potential of 0.1%, 0.2%,0.3%,0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.6% β-arbutin CSNPs. (n = 3). No significance difference among all subsets.

Figure 3. Zeta potential of 0.1%, 0.2%,0.3%,0.4%, 0.5%, and 0.6% β-arbutin CSNPs. (n = 3). No significance difference among all subsets.

Figure 4. Transmission electron microscopy at 86,000× of 0.1% (a), 0.2% (b), 0.3% (c), 0.4% (d), 0.5% (e), and 0.6% (f) β-arbutin CSNPs.

Figure 4. Transmission electron microscopy at 86,000× of 0.1% (a), 0.2% (b), 0.3% (c), 0.4% (d), 0.5% (e), and 0.6% (f) β-arbutin CSNPs.

Figure 5. XRD analysis of 0.1% β-arbutin (a), 0.2% β-arbutin (b), 0.3% β-arbutin (c), 0.4% β-arbutin (d), 0.5% β-arbutin (e), 0.6% β-arbutin (f), blank CSNPs (g), and free β-arbutin (h).

Figure 5. XRD analysis of 0.1% β-arbutin (a), 0.2% β-arbutin (b), 0.3% β-arbutin (c), 0.4% β-arbutin (d), 0.5% β-arbutin (e), 0.6% β-arbutin (f), blank CSNPs (g), and free β-arbutin (h).

Figure 6. Thermograms of 0.1% β-arbutin (a), 0.2% β-arbutin (b), 0.3% β-arbutin (c), 0.4% β-arbutin (d), 0.5% β-arbutin (e), 0.6% β-arbutin (f), CSNPs, free β-arbutin (g), and blank CSNPs (h).

Figure 6. Thermograms of 0.1% β-arbutin (a), 0.2% β-arbutin (b), 0.3% β-arbutin (c), 0.4% β-arbutin (d), 0.5% β-arbutin (e), 0.6% β-arbutin (f), CSNPs, free β-arbutin (g), and blank CSNPs (h).

Figure 7. In vitro permeation studies of 0.4% β-arbutin CSNPs and free β-arbutin. (t-test, p < 0.05).

Figure 7. In vitro permeation studies of 0.4% β-arbutin CSNPs and free β-arbutin. (t-test, p < 0.05).

Figure 8. In vitro penetration study of 0.4% β-arbutin CSNPs and free β-arbutin. (a) Amount of arbutin found in the different tape strips and (b) Total amount of arbutin in the stratum corneum. (* indicates a significance difference, p < 0.05).

Figure 8. In vitro penetration study of 0.4% β-arbutin CSNPs and free β-arbutin. (a) Amount of arbutin found in the different tape strips and (b) Total amount of arbutin in the stratum corneum. (* indicates a significance difference, p < 0.05).

Table 1. Entrapment efficiency and drug loading capacity of β-arbutin CSNPs.

Table 1. Entrapment efficiency and drug loading capacity of β-arbutin CSNPs.

β-Arbutin ConcentrationEntrapment Efficiency (%)Loading Capacity (%)0.1%43.356.20.2%45.045.20.3%50.347.00.4%68.073.80.5%54.358.10.6%56.361.9