World Health Organization. World Report on Hearing. 2021. Accessed 11 October 2021 at https://www.who.int/teams/noncommunicable-diseases/sensory-functions-disability-and-rehabilitation/highlighting-priorities-for-ear-and-hearing-care.

Wilson BS, Tucci DL, Merson MH, O'Donoghue GM. Global hearing health care: new findings and perspectives. Lancet 2017; 390(10111): 2503-15.

Ferguson MA, Kitterick PT, Chong LY, Edmondson-Jones M, Barker F, Hoare DJ. Hearing aids for mild to moderate hearing loss in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; (9).

Yueh B, Collins MP, Souza PE, et al. Long-term effectiveness of screening for hearing loss: the screening for auditory impairment--which hearing assessment test (SAI-WHAT) randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010; 58(3): 427-34.

Zoratti MJ, Pickard AS, Stalmeier PFM, Ollendorf D, Lloyd A, Chan KKW, Husereau D, Brazier JE, Krahn M, Levine M, Thabane L, Xie F; Health Utility Book (HUB) Working Group. Evaluating the conduct and application of health utility studies: a review of critical appraisal tools and reporting checklists. Eur J Health Econ. 2021; 22(5): 723-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-021-01286-0.

Johnson FR, Scott FI, Reed SD, Lewis JD, Bewtra M. Comparing the noncomparable: the need for equivalence measures that make sense in health-economic evaluations. Value Health. 2019; 22(6): 684-92.

Adamiak G. Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes, 3rd ed. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006; 60(9): 822-3.

Neumann PJ, Sanders GD, Russell LB, Siegel JE, Ganiats TG (eds). Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine, 2nd edn (New York, 2016; online edn, Oxford Academic, 17 Nov. 2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190492939.001.0001.

Payakachat N, Murawski MM, Summers KH. Health utility and economic analysis: theoretical and practical issues. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2009; 9(4): 289-92. https://doi.org/10.1586/erp.09.36.

Brazier J, Deverill M, Green C. A review of the use of health status measures in economic evaluation. J Health Serv Res Policy. 1999; 4(3): 174-84.

Hutton B, Salanti G, Caldwell DM, et al. The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations. Ann Intern Med. 2015; 162(11): 777-84.

Wilson BS, Tucci DL, O'Donoghue GM, Merson MH, Frankish H. A Lancet Commission to address the global burden of hearing loss. Lancet. 2019; 393(10186): 2106-8.

World report on hearing. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

Papaioannou, D., Brazier, J.E., Paisley, S. (2011) NICE DSU Technical Support Document 9: The identification, review and synthesis of health state utility values from the literature. Accessed 14 October 2021 at http://www.nicedsu.org.uk.

Szabo SM, Audhya IF, Malone DC, Feeny D, Gooch KL. Characterizing health state utilities associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a systematic review. Qual Life Res. 2020; 29(3): 593-605.

Meregaglia M, Cairns J. A systematic literature review of health state utility values in head and neck cancer. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2017; 15(1): 174.

Wan X, Wang W, Liu J, Tong T. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014; 14(1): 1-13.

Knapp G, Hartung J. Improved tests for a random effects meta-regression with a single covariate. Stat Med. 2003; 22(17): 2693-710.

Langan D, Higgins JPT, Jackson D, et al. A comparison of heterogeneity variance estimators in simulated random-effects meta-analyses. Res Synth Methods. 2019; 10(1): 83-98.

Barton GR, Bankart J, Davis AC. A comparison of the quality of life of hearing-impaired people as estimated by three different utility measures. Int J Audiol. 2005; 44(3): 157-63.

Joore M, Brunenberg D, Zank H, et al. Development of a questionnaire to measure hearing-related health state preferences framed in an overall health perspective. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2002; 18(3): 528-39.

Kaur P, Chong S, Kannapiran P, et al. Cost-utility analysis of hearing aid device for older adults in the community: a delayed start study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020; 20(1112): 1-11.

Vuorialho A, Karinen P, Sorri M. Effect of hearing aids on hearing disability and quality of life in the elderly. Int J Audiol. 2006; 45(7): 400-5.

Vuorialho A, Karinen P, Sorri M. Counselling of hearing aid users is highly cost-effective. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2006; 263(11): 988-95.

Davis A, Smith P, Ferguson M, Stephens D, Gianopoulos I. Acceptability, benefit and costs of early screening for hearing disability: a study of potential screening tests and models. Health Technol Assess. 2007; 11(42): 1-294.

Grutters JP, Joore MA, van der Horst F, Verschuure H, Dreschler WA, Anteunis LJ. Choosing between measures: comparison of EQ-5D, HUI2 and HUI3 in persons with hearing complaints. Qual Life Res. 2007; 16(8): 1439-49.

Salomon JA, Haagsma JA, Davis A, et al. Disability weights for the Global Burden of Disease 2013 study. Lancet Glob Health. 2015; 3(11): e712-23.

Salomon JA, Vos T, Hogan DR, et al. Common values in assessing health outcomes from disease and injury: disability weights measurement study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet (British edition). 2012; 380(9859): 2129-43.

Summerfield AQ, Marshall DH, Barton GR, Bloor KE. A cost-utility scenario analysis of bilateral cochlear implantation. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002; 128(11): 1255-62.

Petrou S, McCann D, Law CM, Watkin PM, Worsfold S, Kennedy CR. Health status and health-related quality of life preference-based outcomes of children who are aged 7 to 9 years and have bilateral permanent childhood hearing impairment. Pediatrics. 2007; 120(5): 1044-52.

Baek MK, Kim YS, Kim EY, Kim AJ, Choi WJ. Health-related quality of life in Korean adults with hearing impairment: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010 to 2012. PLoS One. 2016; 11(10): e0163999.

Kwon OD, Jung SY, Park HY, Peak SK, Cho SH, Cho SJ. Comparison of the marginal utility and disease burden of hearing loss and other chronic diseases. Korean J Fam Med 2018; 39(6): 364-9.

Joore MA, Van Der Stel H, Peters HJ, Boas GM, Anteunis LJ. The cost-effectiveness of hearing-aid fitting in the Netherlands. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003; 129(3): 297-304.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Turunen-Taheri S, Skagerstrand Å, Hellström S, Carlsson PI. Patients with severe-to-profound hearing impairment and simultaneous severe vision impairment: a quality-of-life study. Acta Otolaryngol. 2017; 137(3): 279-85.

Le HND, Petersen S, Mensah F, Gold L, Wake M, Reilly S. Health-related quality of life in children with low language or congenital hearing loss, as measured by the PedsQL and Health Utility Index Mark 3. Value Health. 2020; 23(2): 164-70.

Smith-Olinde L, Grosse SD, Olinde F, Martin PF, Tilford JM. Health state preference scores for children with permanent childhood hearing loss: a comparative analysis of the QWB and HUI3. Qual Life Res. 2008; 17(6): 943-53.

den Besten CA, Monksfield P, Bosman A, et al. Audiological and clinical outcomes of a transcutaneous bone conduction hearing implant: Six-month results from a multicentre study. Clin Otolaryngol. 2019; 44(2): 144-57.

Edfeldt L, Strömbäck K, Grendin J, et al. Evaluation of cost-utility in middle ear implantation in the ‘Nordic School’: a multicenter study in Sweden and Norway. Acta Otolaryngol. 2014; 134(1): 19-25.

Hol MK, Spath MA, Krabbe PF, et al. The bone-anchored hearing aid: quality-of-life assessment. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004; 130(4): 394-9.

Monksfield P, Jowett S, Reid A, Proops D. Cost-effectiveness analysis of the bone-anchored hearing device. Otol Neurotol. 2011; 32(8): 1192-7.

de Wolf MJ, Hol MK, Mylanus EA, Snik AF, Cremers CW. Benefit and quality of life after bone-anchored hearing aid fitting in children with unilateral or bilateral hearing impairment. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011; 137(2): 130-8.

Summerfield Q. Criteria of candidacy for unilateral cochlear implantation is postlingually defeaned adults II: Cost-effectiveness analysis. Ear Hear. 2004; 25(4): 336-60.

Arnoldner C, Lin VY, Bresler R, et al. Quality of life in cochlear implantees: comparing utility values obtained through the Medical Outcome Study Short-Form Survey-6D and the Health Utility Index Mark 3. Laryngoscope. 2014; 124(11): 2586-90.

Bergman P, Lyxell B, Harder H, Mäki-Torkko E. The outcome of unilateral cochlear implantation in adults: speech recognition, health-related quality of life and level of anxiety and depression: a one- and three-year follow-up study. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020; 24(3): e338-46.

Czerniejewska-Wolska H, Kałos M, Gawłowska M, et al. Evaluation of quality of life in patients after cochlear implantation surgery in 2014-2017. Otolaryngol Pol. 2019; 73(2): 11-7.

Czerniejewska-Wolska H, Kałos M, Sekula A, et al. Quality of life and hearing after cochlear implant placement in patients over 60 years of age. Otolaryngol Pol. 2015; 69(4): 34-9.

Damen GW, Beynon AJ, Krabbe PF, Mulder JJ, Mylanus EA. Cochlear implantation and quality of life in postlingually deaf adults: long-term follow-up. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007; 136(4): 597-604.

Francis HW, Chee N, Yeagle J, Cheng A, Niparko JK. Impact of cochlear implants on the functional health status of older adults. Laryngoscope. 2002; 112(8 Pt 1): 1482-8.

Lenarz T, Muller L, Czerniejewska-Wolska H, et al. Patient-related benefits for adults with cochlear implantation: a multicultural longitudinal observational study. Audiol Neurootol. 2017; 22(2): 61-73.

Müller L, Graham P, Kaur J, Wyss J, Greenham P, James CJ. Factors contributing to clinically important health utility gains in cochlear implant recipients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021; 278: 4723-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-020-06589-1.

Palmer CS, Niparko JK, Wyatt JR, Rothman M, e Lissovoy G. A prospective study of the cost-utility of the multichannel cochlear implant. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999; 125(11): 1221-8.

Ramakers GG, Smulders YE, van Zon A, et al. Agreement between health utility instruments in cochlear implantation. Clin Otolaryngol. 2016; 41(6): 737-43.

Runge CL, Henion K, Tarima S, Beiter A, Zwolan TA. Clinical Outcomes of the Cochlear™ Nucleus(®) 5 Cochlear Implant System and SmartSound™ 2 Signal Processing. J Am Acad Audiol. 2016; 27(6): 425-40.

Sladen DP, Gifford RH, Haynes D, et al. Evaluation of a revised indication for determining adult cochlear implant candidacy. Laryngoscope. 2017; 127(10): 2368-74.

Smulders YE, van Zon A, Stegeman I, et al. Cost-utility of bilateral versus unilateral cochlear implantation in adults: a randomized controlled trial. Otol Neurotol. 2016; 37(1): 38-45.

Zwolan TA, Henion K, Segel P, Runge C. The role of age on cochlear implant performance, use, and health utility: a multicenter clinical trial. Otol Neurotol. 2014; 35(9): 1560-8.

Sarant J, Harris D, Busby P, et al. The Effect of Cochlear Implants on Cognitive Function in Older Adults: Initial Baseline and 18-Month Follow Up Results for a Prospective International Longitudinal Study. Front Neurosci. 2019; 13: 789.

Klop WM, Boermans PP, Ferrier MB, van den Hout WB, Stiggelbout AM, Frijns JH. Clinical relevance of quality of life outcome in cochlear implantation in postlingually deafened adults. Otol Neurotol. 2008; 29(5): 615-21.

Hawthorne G, Hogan A, Giles E, et al. Evaluating the health-related quality of life effects of cochlear implants: a prospective study of an adult cochlear implant program. Int J Audiol. 2004; 43(4): 183-92.

Muigg F, Bliem HR, Kühn H, Seebacher J, Holzner B, Weichbold VW. Cochlear implantation in adults with single-sided deafness: generic and disease-specific long-term quality of life. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020; 277(3): 695-704.

Bichey BG, Miyamoto RT. Outcomes in bilateral cochlear implantation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008; 138(5): 655-61.

Chen JM, Amoodi H, Mittmann N. Cost-utility analysis of bilateral cochlear implantation in adults: a health economic assessment from the perspective of a publicly funded program. Laryngoscope. 2014; 124(6): 1452-8.

Kuthubutheen J, Mittmann N, Amoodi H, Qian W, Chen JM. The effect of different utility measures on the cost-effectiveness of bilateral cochlear implantation. Laryngoscope. 2015; 125(2): 442-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.24902.

Sanhueza I, Manrique-Huarte R, Calavia D, Huarte A, Manrique M. Hearing impairment and quality of life in adults with asymmetric hearing loss: benefits of bimodal stimulation. J Int Adv Otol. 2019; 15(1): 62-9.

Theriou C, Fielden CA, Kitterick PT. The cost-effectiveness of bimodal stimulation compared to unilateral and bilateral cochlear implant use in adults with bilateral severe to profound deafness. Ear Hear. 2019; 40(6): 1425-36.

Wyatt JR, Niparko JK, Rothman M, eLissovoy G. Cost utility of the multichannel cochlear implants in 258 profoundly deaf individuals. Laryngoscope. 1996; 106(7): 816-21.

Krabbe PF, Hinderink JB, van den Broek P. The effect of cochlear implant use in postlingually deaf adults. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2000; 16(3): 864-73.

Kasemsiri P, Thanawirattananit P, Yimtae K, et al. The outcomes of cochlear implantation in Thailand: audiologic performance and quality of life. J Med Assoc Thail. 2018; 101(5): S203-S10.

Barton GR, Stacey PC, Fortnum HM, Summerfield AQ. Hearing-impaired children in the United Kingdom, IV: cost-effectiveness of pediatric cochlear implantation. Ear Hear. 2006; 27(5): 575-88.

Cheng AK, Rubin HR, Powe NR, Mellon NK, Francis HW, Niparko JK. Cost-utility analysis of the cochlear implant in children. JAMA. 2000; 284(7): 850-6.

Clark JH, Wang NY, Riley AW, et al. Timing of cochlear implantation and parents’ global ratings of children’s health and development. Otol Neurotol. 2012; 33(4): 545-52.

Jianxin Q, Chongxian Y, Ariyaratne TV, et al. Cost-effectiveness of pediatric cochlear implantation in rural China. Otol Neurotol. 2017; 38(6): e75-e84.

Liu H, Liu HX, Kang HY, Gu Z, Hong SL. Evaluation on health-related quality of life in deaf children with cochlear implant in China. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016; 88: 136-41.

Lovett RE, Kitterick PT, Hewitt CE, Summerfield AQ. Bilateral or unilateral cochlear implantation for deaf children: an observational study. Arch Dis Child. 2010; 95(2): 107-12.

Sach TH, Barton GR. Interpreting parental proxy reports of (health-related) quality of life for children with unilateral cochlear implants. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007; 71(3): 435-45.

Sparreboom M, Snik AF, Mylanus EA. Sequential bilateral cochlear implantation in children: quality of life. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012; 138(2): 134-41.

Semenov YR, Yeh ST, Seshamani M, et al. Age-dependent cost-utility of pediatric cochlear implantation. Ear Hear. 2013; 34(4): 402.

Buchman CA, Herzog JA, McJunkin JL, et al. Assessment of speech understanding after cochlear implantation in adult hearing aid users: a nonrandomized controlled trial. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020; 146(10): 1-9.

Wick CC, Kallogjeri D, McJunkin JL, et al. Hearing and quality-of-life outcomes after cochlear implantation in adult hearing aid users 65 years or older: a secondary analysis of a nonrandomized clinical trial. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020; 146(10): 1-8.

Quentin Summerfield A, Barton GR, Toner J, et al. Self-reported benefits from successive bilateral cochlear implantation in post-lingually deafened adults: randomised controlled trial. Int J Audiol. 2006; 45 Suppl 1: S99-107.

van Zon A, Smulders YE, Stegeman I, et al. Stable benefits of bilateral over unilateral cochlear implantation after two years: A randomized controlled trial. Laryngoscope. 2017; 127(5): 1161-8.

Lin FR, Niparko JK. Measuring health-related quality of life after pediatric cochlear implantation: a systematic review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006; 70(10): 1695-706.

Crowson MG, Semenov YR, Tucci DL, Niparko JK. Quality of life and cost-effectiveness of cochlear implants: a narrative review. Audiol Neurootol. 2017; 22(4-5): 236-58.

Mulrow CD, Aguilar C, Endicott JE, et al. Quality-of-life changes and hearing impairment: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 113(3): 188-94.

Borre ED, Diab MM, Ayer A, et al. Evidence gaps in economic analyses of hearing healthcare: a systematic review. EClinicalMedicine. 2021; 35: 100872.

Drummond M. Introducing economic and quality of life measurements into clinical studies. Ann Med. 2001; 33(5): 344-9.

Chien W, Lin FR. Prevalence of hearing aid use among older adults in the United States. Arch Intern Med. 2012; 172(3): 292-3.

Fuentes-López E, Fuente A, Cardemil F, Valdivia G, Albala C. Prevalence and associated factors of hearing aid use among older adults in Chile. Int J Audiol. 2017; 56(11): 810-8.

Bodington E, Saeed SR, Smith MC, Stocks NG, Morse RP. A narrative review of the logistic and economic feasibility of cochlear implants in lower-income countries. Cochlear Implants Int. 2021; 22(1): 7-16.

Francis HW, Yeagle JA, Thompson CB. Clinical and psychosocial risk factors of hearing outcome in older adults with cochlear implants. Laryngoscope. 2015; 125(3): 695-702.

Dunn CC, Noble W, Tyler RS, Kordus M, Gantz BJ, Ji H. Bilateral and unilateral cochlear implant users compared on speech perception in noise. Ear Hear. 2010; 31(2): 296-8.

Dunn CC, Tyler RS, Oakley S, Gantz BJ, Noble W. Comparison of speech recognition and localization performance in bilateral and unilateral cochlear implant users matched on duration of deafness and age at implantation. Ear Hear. 2008; 29(3): 352-9.

Arnoldner C, Lin VY, Honeder C, Shipp D, Nedzelski J, Chen J. Ten-year health-related quality of life in cochlear implant recipients: prospective SF-36 data with SF-6D conversion. Laryngoscope. 2014; 124(1): 278-82.

Briggs R, Tykocinski M, Saunders E, et al. Health-related quality-of-life outcomes from adult cochlear implantation: A cross-sectional survey. Cochlear Implants Int. 2001; 2(2): 115-28.