*Departments of Anesthesiology

§Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany

†Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY

‡Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR

C.E.A. has served as a consultant to Neumentum (Summit, NJ), X Gene Pharma (Shanghai, China), Enzen Therapeutics (San Diego, CA), Seelos (New York, NY), Vertex (Boston, MA), RedHill Pharma (Tel-Aviv, Israel), AppliedVR (Van Nuys, CA), and SPR Therapeutics (Cleveland, OH), Nevro (Redwood City, CA), and is a member of the speaker’s bureau for Amgen (Thousand Oaks, CA), AbbVie (North Chicago, IL), Biohaven (New Haven, CT), Lilly (Indianapolis, IN), Averitas (Morristown. NJ), RedHill Pharma (Tel-Aviv, Israel), and Teva (Tel-Aviv, Israel). The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.

Reprints: Charles E. Argoff, MD, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, NY (e-mail: [email protected]).