Markl M, Chan FP, Alley MT, Wedding KL, Draney MT, Elkins CJ, Parker DW, Wicker R, Taylor CA, Herfkens RJ, Pelc NJ (2003) Time-resolved three-dimensional phase-contrast MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 17(4):499–506. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.10272

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takehara Y (2020) 4D Flow when and how? Radiol Med 125(9):838–850. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11547-020-01249-0

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takehara Y, Isoda H, Takahashi M, Unno N, Shiiya N, Ushio T, Goshima S, Naganawa S, Alley M, Wakayama T, Nozaki A (2020) Abnormal flow dynamics result in low wall shear stress and high oscillatory shear index in abdominal aortic dilatation: initial in vivo assessment with 4D-flow MRI. Magn Reson Med Sci 19(3):235–246. https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.mp.2019-0188

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Takahashi K, Sekine T, Ando T, Ishii Y, Kumita S (2022) Utility of 4D flow mri in thoracic aortic diseases: a literature review of clinical applications and current evidence. Magn Reson Med Sci 21(2):327–339. https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.rev.2021-0046

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stankovic Z, Frydrychowicz A, Csatari Z, Panther E, Deibert P, Euringer W, Kreisel W, Russe M, Bauer S, Langer M, Markl M (2010) MR-based visualization and quantification of three-dimensional flow characteristics in the portal venous system. J Magn Reson Imaging 32(2):466–475. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.22248

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frydrychowicz A, Landgraf BR, Niespodzany E, Verma RW, Roldan-Alzate A, Johnson KM, Wieben O, Reeder SB (2011) Four-dimensional velocity mapping of the hepatic and splanchnic vasculature with radial sampling at 3 tesla: a feasibility study in portal hypertension. J Magn Reson Imaging 34(3):577–584. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.22712

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stankovic Z, Csatari Z, Deibert P, Euringer W, Blanke P, Kreisel W, Abdullah Zadeh Z, Kallfass F, Langer M, Markl M (2012) Normal and altered three-dimensional portal venous hemodynamics in patients with liver cirrhosis. Radiology 262(3):862–873. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11110127

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roldan-Alzate A, Frydrychowicz A, Niespodzany E, Landgraf BR, Johnson KM, Wieben O, Reeder SB (2013) In vivo validation of 4D flow MRI for assessing the hemodynamics of portal hypertension. J Magn Reson Imaging 37(5):1100–1108. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.23906

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stankovic Z, Jung B, Collins J, Russe MF, Carr J, Euringer W, Stehlin L, Csatari Z, Strohm PC, Langer M, Markl M (2014) Reproducibility study of four-dimensional flow MRI of arterial and portal venous liver hemodynamics: influence of spatio-temporal resolution. Magn Reson Med 72(2):477–484. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.24939

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stankovic Z, Csatari Z, Deibert P, Euringer W, Jung B, Kreisel W, Geiger J, Russe MF, Langer M, Markl M (2013) A feasibility study to evaluate splanchnic arterial and venous hemodynamics by flow-sensitive 4D MRI compared with Doppler ultrasound in patients with cirrhosis and controls. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 25(6):669–675. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0b013e32835e1297

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roldan-Alzate A, Frydrychowicz A, Said A, Johnson KM, Francois CJ, Wieben O, Reeder SB (2015) Impaired regulation of portal venous flow in response to a meal challenge as quantified by 4D flow MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 42(4):1009–1017. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.24886

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bane O, Peti S, Wagner M, Hectors S, Dyvorne H, Markl M, Taouli B (2019) Hemodynamic measurements with an abdominal 4D flow MRI sequence with spiral sampling and compressed sensing in patients with chronic liver disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 49(4):994–1005. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.26305

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Landgraf BR, Johnson KM, Roldan-Alzate A, Francois CJ, Wieben O, Reeder SB (2014) Effect of temporal resolution on 4D flow MRI in the portal circulation. J Magn Reson Imaging 39(4):819–826. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.24233

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dyvorne H, Knight-Greenfield A, Jajamovich G, Besa C, Cui Y, Stalder A, Markl M, Taouli B (2015) Abdominal 4D flow MR imaging in a breath hold: combination of spiral sampling and dynamic compressed sensing for highly accelerated acquisition. Radiology 275(1):245–254. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.14140973

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rutkowski DR, Medero R, Garcia FJ, Roldán-Alzate A (2019) MRI-based modeling of spleno-mesenteric confluence flow. J Biomech 88:95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.03.025

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rutkowski DR, Reeder SB, Fernandez LA, Roldán-Alzate A (2018) Surgical planning for living donor liver transplant using 4D flow MRI, computational fluid dynamics and in vitro experiments. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng Imaging Vis 6(5):545–555. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681163.2017.1278619

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stankovic Z, Blanke P, Markl M (2012) Usefulness of 4D MRI flow imaging to control TIPS function. Am J Gastroenterol 107(2):327–328. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2011.380

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stankovic Z, Rössle M, Euringer W, Schultheiss M, Salem R, Barker A, Carr J, Langer M, Markl M, Collins JD (2015) Effect of TIPS placement on portal and splanchnic arterial blood flow in 4-dimensional flow MRI. Eur Radiol 25(9):2634–2640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-015-3663-x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bannas P, Roldán-Alzate A, Johnson KM, Woods MA, Ozkan O, Motosugi U, Wieben O, Reeder SB, Kramer H (2016) Longitudinal monitoring of hepatic blood flow before and after TIPS by using 4D-flow MR imaging. Radiology 281(2):574–582. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2016152247

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Owen JW, Saad NE, Foster G, Fowler KJ (2018) The Feasibility of using volumetric phase-contrast MR imaging (4D flow) to assess for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt dysfunction. J Vasc Interv Radiol 29(12):1717–1724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2018.07.022

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Motosugi U, Roldan-Alzate A, Bannas P, Said A, Kelly S, Zea R, Wieben O, Reeder SB (2019) Four-dimensional flow MRI as a marker for risk stratification of gastroesophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis. Radiology 290(1):101–107. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2018180230

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lenz A, Fischer L, Li J, Bannas P (2019) 4D flow MRI for monitoring portal flow in a liver transplant recipient with a renoportal anastomosis. Rofo 191(9):847–848. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0862-0778

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hyodo R, Takehara Y, Mizuno T, Ichikawa K, Ishizu Y, Sugiyama M, Naganawa S (2021) Time-resolved 3D cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (4D-flow MRI) can quantitatively assess portosystemic shunt severity and confirm normalization of portal flow after embolization of large portosystemic shunts. Hepatol Res. https://doi.org/10.1111/hepr.13616

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hyodo R, Takehara Y, Mizuno T, Ichikawa K, Ogura Y, Naganawa S (2020) Portal vein stenosis following liver transplantation hemodynamically assessed with 4D-flow MRI before and after portal vein stenting. Magn Reson Med Sci. https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.ici.2020-0057

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hyodo R, Takehara Y, Mizuno T, Ichikawa K, Yokoyama S, Ishizu Y, Naganawa S (2021) Assessing the complicated venous hemodynamics and therapeutic outcomes of budd-chiari syndrome with respiratory-gated 4D flow MR imaging during the expiratory and inspiratory phases. Magn Reson Med Sci. https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.ici.2021-0110

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parekh K, Markl M, Rose M, Schnell S, Popescu A, Rigsby CK (2017) 4D flow MR imaging of the portal venous system: a feasibility study in children. Eur Radiol 27(2):832–840. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-016-4396-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tang Y, Zhang G, Kong W, Yu H, Niu N, Liu J, Liu Y (2021) Pediatric living donor left lateral segment liver transplantation for biliary atresia: Doppler ultrasound findings in early postoperative period. Jpn J Radiol 39(4):367–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-020-01067-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Görg C, Riera-Knorrenschild J, Dietrich J (2002) Pictorial review: colour Doppler ultrasound flow patterns in the portal venous system. Br J Radiol 75(899):919–929. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.75.899.750919

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abdelaziz O, Attia H (2016) Doppler ultrasonography in living donor liver transplantation recipients: intra- and post-operative vascular complications. World J Gastroenterol 22(27):6145–6172. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i27.6145

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maruyama H, Kato N (2019) Advances in ultrasound diagnosis in chronic liver diseases. Clin Mol Hepatol 25(2):160–167. https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2018.1013

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Paulson EK, Kliewer MA, Frederick MG, Keogan MT, DeLong DM, Nelson RC (1997) Doppler US measurement of portal venous flow: variability in healthy fasting volunteers. Radiology 202(3):721–724. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.202.3.9051024

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yzet T, Bouzerar R, Allart JD, Demuynck F, Legallais C, Robert B, Deramond H, Meyer ME, Baledent O (2010) Hepatic vascular flow measurements by phase contrast MRI and doppler echography: a comparative and reproducibility study. J Magn Reson Imaging 31(3):579–588. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.22079

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Applegate GR, Thaete FL, Meyers SP, Davis PL, Talagala SL, Recht M, Wozney P, Kanal E (1993) Blood flow in the portal vein: velocity quantitation with phase-contrast MR angiography. Radiology 187(1):253–256. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.187.1.8451423

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burkart DJ, Johnson CD, Ehman RL, Weaver AL, Ilstrup DM (1993) Evaluation of portal venous hypertension with cine phase-contrast MR flow measurements: high association of hyperdynamic portal flow with variceal hemorrhage. Radiology 188(3):643–648. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.188.3.8351326

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gouya H, Vignaux O, Sogni P, Mallet V, Oudjit A, Pol S, Legmann P (2011) Chronic liver disease: systemic and splanchnic venous flow mapping with optimized cine phase-contrast MR imaging validated in a phantom model and prospectively evaluated in patients. Radiology 261(1):144–155. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11101541

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar