*Departments of Internal Medicine

‡Family and Community Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA

†University of California Davis Center for Healthcare Policy and Research, CA

¶University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA

§Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA

∥Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA

This project was funded by National Institutes of Health grant K23DA043052 and the University of California Davis Department of Internal Medicine. Funders had no input into study design, conduct, analysis, or manuscript preparation. Dr S.G.H. is supported by grants from the National institute on Drug Abuse (R01-DA044282) and the US Department of Justice (2018-PM-BX-K026). Dr C.I.C. is supported by grants and contracts from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (UG1-DA040314, R01-DA047405) and the Food and Drug Administration. She has received support managed through her institution from the Industry PMR Consortium, a consortium of companies working together to conduct post-marketing studies required by the Food and Drug Administration that assess risks related to opioid analgesic use. Dr M.L.D. is an author for UpToDate. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.

Reprints: Stephen G. Henry, MD, MSc, 4150 V Street Suite 2400, Sacramento, CA 95817 (e-mail: [email protected]).

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