Agrawal M (2020) Chapter 26 - Molecular basis of chronic neurodegeneration. In: Kumar D (ed) Clinical molecular medicine. Academic Press, pp 447–60

Google Scholar 

Bianconi E, Piovesan A, Facchin F, Beraudi A, Casadei R, Frabetti F et al (2013) An estimation of the number of cells in the human body. Ann Hum Biol 40(6):463–471

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arandjelovic S, Ravichandran KS (2015) Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in homeostasis. Nat Immunol 16(9):907

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Henson PM (2017) Cell Removal: efferocytosis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 33:127–144

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baidya F, Bohra M, Datta A, Sarmah D, Shah B, Jagtap P et al (2021) Neuroimmune crosstalk and evolving pharmacotherapies in neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology 162(2):160–178

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Song WM, Colonna M (2018) The microglial response to neurodegenerative disease. Adv Immunol 139:1–50

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parnaik R, Raff M, Scholes J (2000) Differences between the clearance of apoptotic cells by professional and non-professional phagocytes. Curr Biol 10(14):857

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Szondy Z, Garabuczi E, Joós G, Tsay GJ, Sarang Z (2014) Impaired clearance of apoptotic cells in chronic inflammatory diseases: therapeutic implications. Front Immunol. 5:354

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Durães F, Pinto M, Sousa E (2018) Old drugs as new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmaceuticals 11(2):44

PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stephenson J, Nutma E, van der Valk P, Amor S (2018) Inflammation in CNS neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology 154(2):204–219

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fu H, Hardy J, Duff KE (2018) Selective vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Neurosci 21(10):1350

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martinez-Vicente M (ed) (2015)Autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases: From pathogenic dysfunction to therapeutic modulation.Semin Cell Dev Biol 40:115–126

Buss RR, Gould TW, Ma J, Vinsant S, Prevette D, Winseck A et al (2006) Neuromuscular development in the absence of programmed cell death: phenotypic alteration of motoneurons and muscle. J Neurosci 26(52):13413–13427

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McArthur S, Cristante E, Paterno M, Christian H, Roncaroli F, Gillies GE et al (2010) Annexin A1: A central player in the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective role of microglia. J Immunol. 185(10):6317–28

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Glass CK, Saijo K, Winner B, Marchetto MC, Gage FH (2010) Mechanisms underlying inflammation in neurodegeneration. Cell 140(6):918–934

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Henson P, Bratton D, Fadok V (2001) Apoptotic cell removal. Curr Biol 11(19):R795-805

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ravichandran KS (2010) Find me and eat me signals in apoptotic cell clearance: progress and conundrums. J Exp Med 207(9):1807–1817

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abdolmaleki F, Farahani N, Hayat SMG, Pirro M, Bianconi V, Barreto GE et al (2018) The role of efferocytosis in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 20(9):1645

Google Scholar 

Voll R, Herrmann M, Roth E, Stach C, Kalden J, Girkontaite I (1997) Immunosuppressive effects of apoptotic cells. Nature 390(6658):350–351

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hochreiter-Hufford A, Ravichandran KS (2013) Clearing the dead: apoptotic cell sensing, recognition, engulfment, and digestion. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 5(1):a008748

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lauber K, Bohn E, Kröber SM, Xiao Y-j, Blumenthal SG, Lindemann RK et al (2003) Apoptotic cells induce migration of phagocytes via caspase-3-mediated release of a lipid attraction signal. Cell. 113(6):717–30

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chekeni FB, Elliott MR, Sandilos JK, Walk SF, Kinchen JM, Lazarowski ER et al (2010) Pannexin 1 channels mediate ‘find–me’signal release and membrane permeability during apoptosis. Nature 467(7317):863–867

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Elliott MR, Chekeni FB, Trampont PC, Lazarowski ER, Kadl A, Walk SF et al (2009) Nucleotides released by apoptotic cells act as a find me signal for phagocytic clearance. Nature 461(7261):282–286

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qu Y, Misaghi S, Newton K, Gilmour L, Louie S, Cupp J et al (2011) Pannexin-1 is required for ATP release during apoptosis but not for inflammasome activation. J Immunol. 186(11):6553–61

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pascual O, Achour SB, Rostaing P, Triller A, Bessis A (2012) Microglia activation triggers astrocyte-mediated modulation of excitatory neurotransmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(4):E197

CAS  Google Scholar 

Truman L, Ford C, Pasikowska M, Pound J, Wilkinson S, Dumitriu I et al (2008) CX3CL1/fractalkine is released from apoptotic lymphocytes to stimulate macrophage chemotaxis. Blood 112(13):5026

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gude DR, Alvarez SE, Paugh SW, Mitra P, Yu J, Griffiths R et al (2008) Apoptosis induces expression of sphingosine kinase 1 to release sphingosine-1-phosphate as a “come-and-get-me” signal. FASEB J 22(8):2629

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Luo B, Gan W, Liu Z, Shen Z, Wang J, Shi R et al (2016) Erythropoeitin signaling in macrophages promotes dying cell clearance and immune tolerance. Immunity 44(2):287

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosen H, Goetzl EJ (2005) Sphingosine 1-phosphate and its receptors: an autocrine and paracrine network. Nat Rev Immunol 5(7):560–570

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peter C, Waibel M, Keppeler H, Lehmann R, Xu G, Halama A et al (2012) Release of lysophospholipid’find me’signals during apoptosis requires the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Autoimmunity 45(8):568

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peter C, Waibel M, Radu C, Yang L, Witte O, Schulze-Osthoff K et al (2008) Migration to apoptotic" find me" signals is mediated via the phagocyte receptor G2A. J Biol Chem 283(9):5296

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fadok V, Bratton D, Frasch S, Warner M, Henson P (1998) The role of phosphatidylserine in recognition of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Cell Death Differ 5(7):551

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Suzuki J, Denning D, Imanishi E, Horvitz H, Nagata S (2013) Xk-related protein 8 and CED-8 promote phosphatidylserine exposure in apoptotic cells. Science (New York, NY) 341(6144):403

CAS  Google Scholar 

Yoon M, Park S, Won H, Na D, Lee B (2000) Solution structure and membrane-binding property of the N-terminal tail domain of human annexin I. FEBS Lett 484(3):241

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thornley TB, Fang Z, Balasubramanian S, Larocca RA, Gong W, Gupta S et al (2014) Fragile TIM-4–expressing tissue resident macrophages are migratory and immunoregulatory. J Clin Investig 124(8):3443

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gardai S, McPhillips K, Frasch S, Janssen W, Starefeldt A, Murphy-Ullrich J et al (2005) Cell-surface calreticulin initiates clearance of viable or apoptotic cells through trans-activation of LRP on the phagocyte. Cell 123(2):321

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ezekowitz R, Sastry K, Bailly P, Warner A (1990) Molecular characterization of the human macrophage mannose receptor: demonstration of multiple carbohydrate recognition-like domains and phagocytosis of yeasts in Cos-1 cells. J Exp Med 172(6):1785–1794

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Savill J, Dransfield I, Hogg N, Haslett C (1990) Vitronectin receptor-mediated phagocytosis of cells undergoing apoptosis. Nature 343(6254):170

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gregory C, Devitt A, Moffatt O (1998) Roles of ICAM-3 and CD14 in the recognition and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Biochem Soc Trans 26(4):644

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park S-Y, Kim I-S (2017) Engulfment signals and the phagocytic machinery for apoptotic cell clearance. Exp Mol Med 49(5):e331

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mike JK, Ferriero DM (2021) Efferocytosis mediated modulation of injury after neonatal brain hypoxia-ischemia. Cells 10(5):1025

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Imbert PR, Saric A, Pedram K, Bertozzi CR, Grinstein S, Freeman SA (2021) An acquired and endogenous glycocalyx forms a bidirectional" don’t eat" and" don’t eat me" barrier to phagocytosis. Curr Biol. 31(1):77-895. e5

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Richards DM, Endres RG (2014) The mechanism of phagocytosis: two stages of engulfment. Biophys J 107(7):1542

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rosales C, Uribe-Querol E (2017) Phagocytosis: a fundamental process in immunity. BioMed Res Int. 2017:9042851

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ma Z, Thomas KS, Webb DJ, Moravec R, Salicioni AM, Mars WM et al (2002) Regulation of Rac1 activation by the low density lipoprotein receptor–related protein. J Cell Biol 159(6):1061

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar