American Society of Plastic Surgeons (2017) 2017 Cosmetic Surgery Age Distribution. Plastic Surgery Statistics Report. Arlington Heights, IL: American Society of Plastic Surgeons.
Google Scholar Australian Skin Clinics (2015) Response Paper: Public Consultation – Registered Medical Practitioners Who Provide Medical and Surgical Procedures. Mandurah, WA, Australia: Australian Skin Clinics.
Google Scholar Beilharz, F, Castle, DJ, Grace, S, et al. (2017) A systematic review of visual processing and associated treatments in body dysmorphic disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 136: 16–36.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Bowyer, L, Krebs, G, Mataix-Cols, D, et al. (2016) A critical review of cosmetic treatment outcomes in body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image 19: 1–8.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Brunton, G, Paraskeva, N, Caird, J, et al. (2014) Psychosocial predictors, assessment, and outcomes of cosmetic procedures: A systematic rapid evidence assessment. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 38: 1030–1040.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Buhlmann, U, Glaesmer, H, Mewes, R, et al. (2010) Updates on the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder: A population-based survey. Psychiatry Research 178: 171–175.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Calderón, P, Zemelman, V, Sanhueza, P, et al. (2009) Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in Chilean dermatological patients. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 23: 1328.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Clarke, LH, Repta, R, Griffin, M (2007) Non-surgical cosmetic procedures: Older women’s perceptions and experiences. Journal of Women & Aging 19: 69–87.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Conrado, LA, Hounie, AG, Diniz, JB, et al. (2010) Body dysmorphic disorder among dermatologic patients: Prevalence and clinical features. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 63: 235–243.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Crerand, CE, Sarwer, DB (2010) Cosmetic treatments and body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatric Annals 40: 344–348.
Google Scholar | Crossref Crerand, CE, Franklin, ME, Sarwer, DB (2006) Body dysmorphic disorder and cosmetic surgery. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 118: 167e–180e.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Crerand, CE, Menard, W, Phillips, KA (2010) Surgical and minimally invasive cosmetic procedures among persons with body dysmorphic disorder. Annals of Plastic Surgery 65: 11–16.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Dey, JK, Ishii, M, Phillis, M, et al. (2015) Body dysmorphic disorder in a facial plastic and reconstructive surgery clinic: Measuring prevalence, assessing comorbidities, and validating a feasible screening instrument. JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery 17: 137–143.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Dufresne, RG, Phillips, KA, Vittorio, CC, et al. (2001) A screening questionnaire for body dysmorphic disorder in a cosmetic dermatologic surgery practice. Dermatologic Surgery 27: 457–462.
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI Fang, A, Wilhelm, S (2015) Clinical features, cognitive biases, and treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 11: 187–212.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Felix, GAA, de Brito, MJA, Nahas, FX, et al. (2014) Patients with mild to moderate body dysmorphic disorder may benefit from rhinoplasty. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery 67: 646–654.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Freedman, BM, Earley, RV (2000) Comparing treatment outcomes between physician and nurse treated patients in laser hair removal. Journal of Cutaneous Laser Therapy 2: 137–140.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Grant, JE, Lust, K, Chamberlain, SR (2019) Body dysmorphic disorder and its relationship to sexuality, impulsivity, and addiction. Psychiatry Research 273: 260–265.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Higgins, S, Wysong, A (2018) Cosmetic surgery and body dysmorphic disorder – An update. International Journal of Women’s Dermatology 4: 43–48.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Honigman, RJ, Jackson, AC, Dowling, NA (2011) The PreFACE: A preoperative psychosocial screen for elective facial cosmetic surgery and cosmetic dentistry patients. Annals of Plastic Surgery 66: 16–23.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Honigman, RJ, Phillips, KA, Castle, DJ (2004) A review of psychosocial outcomes for patients seeking cosmetic surgery. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 113: 1229–1237.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Hsu, C, Juma, HA, Goh, C (2009) Prevalence of body dysmorphic features in patients undergoing cosmetic procedures at the National Skin Centre, Singapore. Dermatology 219: 295–298.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (2018) ISAPS International Survey on Aesthetic/Cosmetic Procedures Performed in 2018. Hanover, NH: International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.
Google Scholar Klassen, AF, Cano, SJ, Schwitzer, JA, et al. (2015) FACE-Q scales for health-related quality of life, early life impact, satisfaction with outcomes, and decision to have treatment: Development and validation. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 135: 375–386.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Lekakis, G, Picavet, VA, Gabriels, L, et al. (2016) Body Dysmorphic Disorder in aesthetic rhinoplasty: Validating a new screening tool. Laryngoscope 126: 1739–1745.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Leow, LJ (2017) Navigating the disparate Australian regulatory minefield of cosmetic therapy. Australian Family Physician 46: 697.
Google Scholar | Medline Lovibond, PF, Lovibond, SH (1995) The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy 33: 335–343.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Maisel, A, Waldman, A, Furlan, K, et al. (2018) Self-reported patient motivations for seeking cosmetic procedures. JAMA Dermatology 154: 1167–1174.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Medical Board of Australia (2016) Guidelines for Registered Medical Practitioners Who Perform Cosmetic Medical and Surgical Procedures. Perth WA, Australia: Medical Board of Australia.
Google Scholar Milothridis, P, Pavlidis, L, Haidich, AB, et al. (2016) A systematic review of the factors predicting the interest in cosmetic plastic surgery. Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery: Official Publication of the Association of Plastic Surgeons of India 49: 397–402.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Phillipou, A, Rossell, SL, Wilding, HE, et al. (2016) Randomised controlled trials of psychological & pharmacological treatments for body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review. Psychiatric Research 245: 179–185.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Phillips, KA, Menard, W, Fay, C, et al. (2005) Demographic characteristics, phenomenology, comorbidity, and family history in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics 46: 317–325.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Phillips, KA, Pinto, A, Hart, AS, et al. (2012) A comparison of insight in body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research 46: 1293–1299.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Picavet, V, Gabriëls, L, Grietens, J, et al. (2013) Preoperative symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder determine postoperative satisfaction and quality of life in aesthetic rhinoplasty. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 131: 861–868.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Picavet, V, Gabriels, L, Jorissen, M, et al. (2011) Screening tools for body dysmorphic disorder in a cosmetic surgery setting. Laryngoscope 121: 2535–2541.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Pikoos, TD, Rossell, SL, Tzimas, N, et al. (2020) Assessing unrealistic expectations in clients undertaking minor cosmetic procedures: The development of the Aesthetic Procedure Expectations Scale. Facial Plastic Surgery & Aesthetic Medicine. Epub ahead of print 2 September. DOI: 10.1089/fpsam.2020.0247.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Sarwer, DB (2019) Body image, cosmetic surgery, and minimally invasive treatments. Body Image 31: 302–308.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Shah, P, Rangel, LK, Geronemus, RG, et al. (2021) Cosmetic procedure use as a type of substance-related disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 84: 86–91.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Sobanko, JF, Taglienti, AJ, Wilson, AJ, et al. (2015) Motivations for seeking minimally invasive cosmetic procedures in an academic outpatient setting. Aesthetic Surgery Journal 35: 1014–1020.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Spataro, EA, Kandathil, CK, Saltychev, M, et al. (2020) Correlation of the standardized cosmesis and health nasal outcomes survey with psychiatric screening tools. Aesthetic Surgery Journal 40: 1373–1380.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Tignol, J, Biraben-Gotzamanis, L, Martin-Guehl, C, et al. (2007) Body dysmorphic disorder and cosmetic surgery: Evolution of 24 subjects with a minimal defect in appearance 5 years after their request for cosmetic surgery. European Psychiatry 22: 520–524.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Toh, WL, Castle, DJ, Mountjoy, RL, et al. (2017) Insight in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) relative to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and psychotic disorders: Revisiting this issue in light of DSM-5. Comprehensive Psychiatry 77: 100–108.
Google Scholar | Crossref Veale, D (2000) Outcome of cosmetic surgery and ‘DIY’ surgery in patients with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatric Bulletin 24: 218–221.
Google Scholar | Crossref Veale, D (2004) Advances in a cognitive behavioural model of body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image 1: 113–125.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Veale, D, Gledhill, LJ, Christodoulou, P, et al. (2016) Body dysmorphic disorder in different settings: A systematic review and estimated weighted prevalence. Body Image 18: 168–186.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Veale, D, Naismith, I, Eshkevari, E, et al. (2014) Psychosexual outcome after labiaplasty: A prospective case-comparison study. International Urogynecology Journal 25: 831–839.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline von Soest, T, Kvalem, IL, Skolleborg, KC, et al. (2011) Psychosocial changes after cosmetic surgery: A 5-year follow-up study. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 128: 765–772.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Walker, TWM, Gately, F, Stagnell, S, et al. (2017) Can UK undergraduate dental programmes provide training in non-surgical facial aesthetics? British Dental Journal 222: 949–953.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline Wilhelm, S, Phillips, KA, Steketee, G (2013) A Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Manual for Body Dysmorphic Disorder. New York: Guilford.
Google Scholar