Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (2008) Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. AHRQ Methods for Effective Health Care. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Available at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47095/ (accessed 20 July 2021).
Google Scholar
Altan, L, Bingöl, U, Karakoç, Y, et al. (2001) Clinical investigation of methotrexate in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 30(5): 255–259.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Anand, R, Norrie, J, Bradley, JM, et al. (2020) Fool’s gold? Why blinded trials are not always best. BMJ 368: l6228.
Google Scholar |
Medline
Armijo-Olivo, S, Fuentes, J, da Costa, BR, et al. (2017) Blinding in physical therapy trials and its association with treatment effects: A meta-epidemiological study. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 96(1): 34–44.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Armstrong, D, Paré, P, Pericak, D, et al. (2001) Symptom relief in gastroesophageal reflux disease: A randomized, controlled comparison of pantoprazole and nizatidine in a mixed patient population with erosive esophagitis or endoscopy-negative reflux disease. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 96(10): 2849–2857.
Google Scholar |
Medline
Bachs, L, Parés, A, Elena, M, et al. (1989) Comparison of rifampicin with phenobarbitone for treatment of pruritus in biliary cirrhosis. Lancet 1(8638): 574–576.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Balk, EM, Bonis, PA, Moskowitz, H, et al. (2002) Correlation of quality measures with estimates of treatment effect in meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. The Journal of the American Medical Association 287(22): 2973–2982.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI
Bate, CM, Green, JRB, Axon, ATR, et al. (1997) Omeprazole is more effective than cimetidine for the relief of all grades of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease-associated heartburn, irrespective of the presence or absence of endoscopic oesophagitis. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 11(4): 755–763.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Berkman, ND, Santaguida, PL, Viswanathan, M, et al. (2014) The Empirical Evidence of Bias in Trials Measuring Treatment Differences. AHRQ Methods for Effective Health Care. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Available at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK253181/ (accessed 24 June 2021).
Google Scholar
Bradt, J, Dileo, C, Potvin, N (2013) Music for stress and anxiety reduction in coronary heart disease patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021: CD006577.
Google Scholar
Brink, WR, Rammelkamp, CH, Denny, FW, et al. (1951) Effect in penicillin and aureomycin on the natural course of streptococcal tonsillitis and pharyngitis. The American Journal of Medicine 10(3): 300–308.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Brumfitt, W, Slater, JD (1957) Treatment of acute sore throat with penicillin; a controlled trial in young soldiers. Lancet 272(6958): 8–11.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Chapple, PA, Franklin, LM, Paulett, JD, et al. (1956) Treatment of acute sore throat in general practice; therapeutic trial, with observations on symptoms and bacteriology. British Medical Journal 1(4969): 705–708.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Czarnecka, D, Klocek, M, Betkowska-Korpała, B, et al. (2000) Influence of hormone replacement therapy on the quality of life in postmenopausal women with hypertension. Przeglad Lekarski 57(7–8): 397–401.
Google Scholar |
Medline
Dagnelie, CF, van der Graaf, Y, De Melker, RA (1996) Do patients with sore throat benefit from penicillin? A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial with penicillin V in general practice. British Journal of General Practice 46(411): 589–593.
Google Scholar |
Medline
De Meyere, M, Mervielde, Y, Verschraegen, G, et al. (1992) Effect of penicillin on the clinical course of streptococcal pharyngitis in general practice. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 43(6): 581–585.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Denny, FW, Wannamaker, LW, Hahn, EO (1953) Comparative effects of penicillin, aureomycin and terramycin on streptococcal tonsillitis and pharyngitis. Pediatrics 11(1): 7–13.
Google Scholar |
Medline
Devereaux, PJ, Choi, PT, El-Dika, S, et al. (2004) An observational study found that authors of randomized controlled trials frequently use concealment of randomization and blinding, despite the failure to report these methods. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 57(12): 1232–1236.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Drucker, AM, Chan, A-W (2020) Blindsided: Challenging the dogma of masking in clinical trials. BMJ 368: m229.
Google Scholar |
Medline
El-Daher, NT, Hijazi, SS, Rawashdeh, NM, et al. (1991) Immediate vs. delayed treatment of group: A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis with penicillin V. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 10(2): 126–129.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Feliu, J, González-Barón, M, Berrocal, A, et al. (1992) Usefulness of megestrol acetate in cancer cachexia and anorexia. A placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Clinical Oncology 15(5): 436–440.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Ferreira, A, Young, T, Mathews, C, et al. (2013) Strategies for partner notification for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 10: CD002843.
Google Scholar
Flórez, G, García-Portilla, P, Alvarez, S, et al. (2008) Using topiramate or naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol-dependent patients. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research 32(7): 1251–1259.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI
Flórez, G, Saiz, PA, García-Portilla, P, et al. (2011) Topiramate for the treatment of alcohol dependence: Comparison with naltrexone. European Addiction Research 17(1): 29–36.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Freitag, FG, Collins, SD, Carlson, HA, et al. (2002) A randomized trial of divalproex sodium extended-release tablets in migraine prophylaxis. Neurology 58(11): 1652–1659.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI
Fujiwara, Y, Higuchi, K, Nebiki, H, et al. (2005) Famotidine vs. omeprazole: A prospective randomized multicentre trial to determine efficacy in non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 21(Suppl. 2): 10–18.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Garden, AL, Merry, AF, Holland, RL, et al. (1996) Anaesthesia Information—What Patients Want to know. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 24(5): 594–598.
Google Scholar |
SAGE Journals
Garly, M-L, Balé, C, Martins, CL, et al. (2006) Prophylactic antibiotics to prevent pneumonia and other complications after measles: Community based randomised double blind placebo controlled trial in Guinea-Bissau. BMJ 333(7581): 1245.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Ghent, CN, Carruthers, SG (1988) Treatment of pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis with rifampin. Results of a double-blind, crossover, randomized trial. Gastroenterology 94(2): 488–493.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Godlee, F (2020) Blinding may be unnecessary, but please divest. BMJ 368: m255.
Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Lopez, L, Garcia-Gonzalez, A, Vazquez-Del-Mercado, M, et al. (2004) Efficacy of methotrexate in ankylosing spondylitis: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial. The Journal of Rheumatology 31(8): 1568–1574.
Google Scholar |
Medline
Hempel, S, Suttorp, MJ, Miles, JN, et al. (2011) Empirical Evidence of Associations Between Trial Quality and Effect Size. AHRQ Methods for Effective Health Care. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Available at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56925/ (accessed 24 June 2021).
Google Scholar
Higgins, JPT, Thomas, J, Chandler, J, et al. (2019) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, 2nd edn. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Google Scholar |
Crossref
Hróbjartsson, A, Emanuelsson, F, Skou Thomsen, AS, et al. (2014a) Bias due to lack of patient blinding in clinical trials. A systematic review of trials randomizing patients to blind and nonblind sub-studies. International Journal of Epidemiology 43(4): 1272–1283.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI
Hróbjartsson, A, Thomsen, AS, Emanuelsson, F, et al. (2014b) Observer bias in randomized clinical trials with time-to-event outcomes: Systematic review of trials with both blinded and non-blinded outcome assessors. International Journal of Epidemiology 43(3): 937–948.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Hróbjartsson, A, Boutron, I (2011) Blinding in randomized clinical trials: Imposed impartiality. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 90(5): 732–736.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Hróbjartsson, A, Thomsen, AS, Emanuelsson, F, et al. (2012) Observer bias in randomised clinical trials with binary outcomes: Systematic review of trials with both blinded and non-blinded outcome assessors. BMJ 344: e1119.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Hróbjartsson, A, Thomsen, AS, Emanuelsson, F, et al. (2013) Observer bias in randomized clinical trials with measurement scale outcomes: A systematic review of trials with both blinded and nonblinded assessors. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne 185(4): E201–E211.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Hughes, JR, Stead, LF, Hartmann-Boyce, J, et al. (2014) Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1: CD000031.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
ISI
Juul, S, Gluud, C, Simonsen, S, et al. (2021) Blinding in randomised clinical trials of psychological interventions: A retrospective study of published trial reports. BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine 26(3): 109.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Kabra, SK, Lodha, R, Hilton, DJ (2008) Antibiotics for preventing complications in children with measles. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3: CD001477.
Google Scholar |
Crossref
Kaniecki, RG (1997) A comparison of divalproex with propranolol and placebo for the prophylaxis of migraine without aura. Archives of Neurology 54(9): 1141–1145.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Karelitz, S, Chang, CC, Matthews, ZE (1954) The prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial complications of measles with benzethacil and aqueous procaine penicillin G. The Journal of Pediatrics 44(4): 357–363.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Kinnersley, P, Phillips, K, Savage, K, et al. (2013) Interventions to promote informed consent for patients undergoing surgical and other invasive healthcare procedures. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7: CD009445.
Google Scholar |
Medline
Kjaergard, LL, Villumsen, J, Gluud, C (2001) Reported methodologic quality and discrepancies between large and small randomized trials in meta-analyses. Annals of Internal Medicine 135(11): 982–989.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline |
ISI
Klapper, J (1997) Divalproex sodium in migraine prophylaxis: A dose-controlled study. Cephalalgia: An International Journal of Headache 17(2): 103–108.
Google Scholar |
SAGE Journals |
ISI
Kleijnen, J (2021) Re: Impact of blinding on estimated treatment effects in randomised clinical trials: Meta-epidemiological study. Available at:
https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.l6802/rr (accessed 29 June 2021).
Google Scholar
Kuvaki, B, Kücükgüclü, S, Sentürk, Z, et al. (2000) Rectal premedication in children: Clonidine compared with midazolam. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 17: 143.
Google Scholar |
Crossref
Landsman, JB, Grist, NR, Black, R, et al. (1951) “Sore throat” in general practice. British Medical Journal 1(4702): 326–329.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Linde, M, Mulleners, WM, Chronicle, EP, et al. (2013) Valproate (valproic acid or sodium valproate or a combination of the two) for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6: CD010611.
Google Scholar
Little, P, Williamson, I, Warner, G, et al. (1997) Open randomised trial of prescribing strategies in managing sore throat. BMJ 314(7082): 722–727.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
Loprinzi, CL, Ellison, NM, Schaid, DJ, et al. (1990) Controlled trial of megestrol acetate for the treatment of cancer anorexia and cachexia. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 82(13): 1127–1132.
Google Scholar |
Crossref |
Medline
留言 (0)