GC-MS Analysis of Smokeless tobacco (Shamma): Toxicological Evaluation

Abstract

Background Smoking is a badly addictive habit due to nicotine contents in tobacco. Shammah is one way of smokeless tobacco that is homely made and it use resulting in multiple medical issues.

Aim The aim of the present study were to chemically analyze the content of various types of Shammah using GC-MS analysis with clinical biochemical investigation of some cases usually used shamma in Makkah region, Saudi Arabia.

Methods Three samples from two main different types of shamma (black and yellow) were collected from local providers and analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Eighteen blood samples were also collected from apparently healthy male peoples (30-45 years) classified into 3 groups; group 1 (control) people who doesn’t smoke or use any type of shamma, second and third groups were people who usually used black and yellow shamma respectively; CBC and biochemical analysis were performed.

Results In GC-MS Analysis, the nicotine represents the major constituent in all samples. Total RBCs count, Hemoglobin (HGB) Conc., eosinophil % and iron, total cholesterol, HDL-c concentrations were significantly decreased in peoples using either black or yellow shamma whereas serum levels of ALT, AST and ALP enzyme activities, BUN and creatinine levels were significantly increases.

Conclusion Different shamma samples contains different concentrations of various toxic compounds that can produced a serious health problems as hypochromic anemia due to iron deficiency, decrease in eosinophil %, with hepatic and renal cell injuries detected as increase ALT, AST, ALP, BUN, and creatinine levels.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funding Statement

no external funding was received

Author Declarations

All relevant ethical guidelines have been followed; any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained and details of the IRB/oversight body are included in the manuscript.

Yes

All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.

Yes

I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).

Yes

I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.

Yes

Data Availability

Available on requiest

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