Objective

To compare the estimated associations between annual STD (sexually transmitted diseases) expenditures per capita and STD rates among Florida and Washington local health departments (LHDs) from 2001–2017, using two approaches--a longitudinal regression model with lagged STD spending, and a regression model with the Arellano-Bond panel estimator.

Data Sources

Secondary data for LHDs were obtained from Florida and Washington state government offices and combined with county sociodemographic and health system data from the federal government.

Study Design

We examined LHDs in Florida and Washington using a longitudinal panel study design to estimate ecological relationships between annual STD expenditures per capita and annual STD incidence rates from 2001 to 2017 with LHDs as the unit of analysis. We compared two regression models: generalized estimating equations (GEE) and the Arellano-Bond panel estimator (an instrumental variable approach).

Data Collection

The secondary data were combined to build a longitudinal panel database for LHDs in Florida and Washington from 2001 to 2017.

Principal Findings

In the GEE model with both states, greater STD spending in a prior year was associated unexpectedly with greater STD incidence rates in succeeding years. The Arellano-Bond models for both states had the expected inverse associations but were not significant. In the Arellano-Bond models for Florida, a $1 increase in STD spending in previous years was followed by decreases in STD incidence rates ranging between 29 and 59 points in succeeding years (0.09 ≥ p ≥ 0.04).

Conclusions

In longitudinal panel data for LHDs in two states, the Arellano-Bond estimator, or other instrumental variable approach, is preferred over conventional regression models to obtain unbiased estimates of the relationship between annual STD spending rates and annual STD rates. Future studies will require accurate, standardized, and detailed longitudinal data and rigorous analytic approaches, such as those illustrated in our study.

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