The overlaps between segmental vitiligo (SV) and nonsegmental vitiligo (NSV) suggest the underlying features of SV, which may be helpful for treating SV. In this study, 379 vitiligo patients were recruited and divided into SV (33.2%), mild to moderate NSV (M-NSV, affected body affected area [BSA] ≤10%, 34.0%) and severe NSV (S-NSV, affected BSA > 10%, 32.7%) groups. Demographics and clinical data were collected through in-person interviews. The disease activity, progression and prognosis were assessed through 6 months’ follow-up. Serum cytokines profile and tissue-infiltrating immune cells was measured by ELISA assay and immunofluorescence, respectively. The SV exhibited lower rates of autoimmune comorbidities and recurrence than the S-NSV, but performed similar to the M-NSV. Moreover, the disease activity, progression, serum cytokines profile and tissue-infiltrating Th/c1 cells in the active SV and M-NSV were comparable, but differed significantly from those of the active S-NSV. The clinical and immunological similarities between SV and M-NSV presented a deeper autoimmune understanding of SV. Additionally, a classification of active vitiligo according to disease extent may be more clinically meaningful than subtypes for guiding immunomodulatory treatment.