Alterations in chromatin remodelling genes are increasingly recognised as drivers of undifferentiated malignancies. In atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours (ATRT) and extracranial rhabdoid tumours (ECRT), inactivation of SMARCB1 underlies >95% of cases. In the remainder, the culprit is another SWI-SNF family member, SMARCA4. By contrast, in small cell carcinoma of the ovary hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT), SMARCA4 deficiency is by far the most common driver mechanism, while SMARCB1 alterations are rarely seen. It is unclear why alterations are so heavily weighted towards one or another subunit based on site alone, but both have become essential markers for the diagnosis and management of these undifferentiated lesions. Core SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated malignancies share an aggressive clinical course and show an overlapping morphologic phenotype. In their study, Andrianteranagna and colleagues used DNA methylation and gene expression profiling to compare two subsets of SMARCA4-deficient malignancies diagnosed as SCCOHT and ECRT. Their work gives further insight into the subtle molecular spectrum of SMARCA4-deficient tumours, and their distinction from ATRT and ECRT with SMARCB1 inactivation. The characterisation of these molecular features is likely to play an important role in the future as we try to establish a clinically meaningful framework for the diagnosis and management of these lesions.

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