1. Norgren, L, Hiatt, WR, Dormandy, JA, et al. Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg 2007; 33(suppl l): S1–S75.
Google Scholar2. Diehm, C, Allenberg, JR, Pittrow, D, et al. Mortality and vascular morbidity in older adults with asymptomatic versus symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 2009; 120: 2053–2061.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI3. Diehm, N, Shang, A, Silvestro, A, et al. Association of cardiovascular risk factors with pattern of lower limb atherosclerosis in 2659 patients under- going angioplasty. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006; 31: 59–63.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI4. Criqui, MH . Peripheral arterial disease: epidemiological aspects. Vasc Med 2001; 6(suppl l): 3–7.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals5. Rooke, TW, Hirsch, AT, Misra, S, et al. ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease (updating the 2005 guideline): a report of the american college of cardiology foundation/american heart association task force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 2020–2045.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI6. Williams, DT, Harding, KG, Price, P. An evaluation of the efficacy of methods used in screening for lower-limb arterial disease in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2206–2210.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI7. Okamoto, K, Oka, M, Maesato, K, et al. Peripheral arterial occlusive disease is more prevalent in patients with hemodialysis: comparison with the findings of multidetector-row computed tomography. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48: 269–276.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI8. Everhart, JE, Pettitt, DJ, Knowler, WC, Rose, FA, Bennett, PH. Medial arterial calcification and its association with mortality and complications of diabetes. Diabetologia 1988 Jan; 31(1): 16–23.
Google Scholar | Medline9. Aerden, D, Massaad, D, von Kemp, K, et al. The ankle-brachial index and the diabetic foot: a troublesome marriage. Ann Vasc Surg 2011; 25: 770–777.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI10. Aboyans, V, Ho, E, Denenberg, JO, Ho, LA, Natarajan, L, Criqui, MH. The association between elevated ankle systolic pressures and peripheral occlusive arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. J Vasc Surg 2008; 48: 1197–1203.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI11. Tehan, P, Bray, A, Keech, R, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of the toe‐brachial index for detecting peripheral arterial disease. J Ultrasound Med 2015; 34(10): 1737–1743.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Hirsch, AT, Haskal, ZJ, Hertzer, NR, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the american associations for vascular surgery/society for vascular surgery, society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions, society for vascular medicine and biology, society of interventional radiology, and the ACC/AHA task force on practice guidelines (writing committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease)—summary of recommendations. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 2006; 17: 1383–1397.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI13. Carter, SA, Lezack, JD. Digital systolic pressures in the lower limb in arterial disease. Circulation 1971; 43: 905–914.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI14. Ramsey, DE, Manke, DA, Sumner, DS. Toe blood pressure: a valuable adjunct to ankle pressure measurement for assessing peripheral arterial disease. J Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 24: 43–48.
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI15. Brooks, B, Dean, R, Patel, S, Wu, B, Molyneaux, L, Yue, DK. TBI or not TBI: that is the question. Is it better to measure toe pressure than ankle pressure in diabetic patients? Diabet Med 2001; 18: 528–532.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI16. Ohtake, T, Oka, M, Ikee, R, et al. Impact of lower limbs’ arterial calcification on the prevalence and severity of PAD in patients on hemodialysis. J Vasc Surg 2011; 53: 676–683.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI17. Mukherjee, D, Eagle, K. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment in peripheral arterial disease: insights from the PARTNERS and REACH registries. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2010; 8: 293–300.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Suominen, V, Uurto, I, Saarinen, J, Venermo, M, Salenius, J. PAD as a risk factor for mortality among patients with elevated ABI – a clinical study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010; 39: 316–322.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI19. Rooke, TW, Hirsch, AT, Misra, S, et al. ACCF/AHA focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease (updating the 2005 guideline): a report of the american college of cardiology foundation/american heart association task force on practice guidelines, developed in collaboration with the society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions, society of interventional radiology, society for vascular medicine, and society for vascular surgery. Cathet Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 79: 501–531.2012
Google Scholar | Medline20. United States Department of Health & Human Services . Policy for protection of human research subjects. Available at:, http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.htm#46.101. 29 December 2020.
Google Scholar21. United States Department of Health & Human Services . Medical privacy—national standards to protect the privacy of personal health information. Available at:, www.hhs.gov/ocr/hipaa, (Accessed 29 December 2020).
Google Scholar22. Sawka, AM, Carter, SA. Effect of temperature on digital systolic pressures in lower limb in arterial disease. Circulation 1992; 85: 1097–1101.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI23. Pande, RL, Perlstein, TS, Beckman, JA, et al. Secondary prevention and mortality in peripheral artery disease: National Health and Nutrition Examination Study, 1999 to 2004. Circulation 2011; 124: 17–23.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI24. McDermott, MM, Liu, K, Ferrucci, L, et al. Decline in functional performance predicts later increased mobility loss and mortality in peripheral arterial disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 962–970.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI25. McDermott, MM, Greenland, P, Tian, L, et al. Association of 6-minute walk performance and physical activity with incident ischemic heart disease events and stroke in peripheral artery disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4: e001846.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline26. Polly, S, Montgomery, MS, Gardner, AW. The clinical utility of a six-minute walk test in peripheral arterial occlusive disease patients. JAGS 1998; 46: 706–711.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline