Defining the black box: a narrative review of factors associated with adverse outcomes from severe Clostridioides difficile infection

1. Reigadas, E, Alcalá, L, Marín, M, et al. Clinical, immunological and microbiological predictors of poor outcome in Clostridium difficile infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 88: 330–334.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2019. Atlanta, GA: CDC, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2019.
Google Scholar | Crossref3. Kulaylat, AS, Kassam, Z, Hollenbeak, CS, et al. A surgical clostridium-associated risk of death score predicts mortality after colectomy for Clostridium difficile. Dis Colon Rectum 2017; 60: 1285–1290.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Kassam, Z, Cribb Fabersunne, C, Smith, MB, et al. Clostridium difficile associated risk of death score (CARDS): a novel severity score to predict mortality among hospitalised patients with C. difficile infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 43: 725–733.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. Napolitano, LM, Edmiston, CE Clostridium difficile disease: diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment update. Surgery 2017; 162: 325–348.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Guh, AY, Mu, Y, Winston, LG, et al. Trends in U.S. burden of Clostridioides difficile infection and outcomes. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 1320–1330.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. Cohen, SH, Gerding, DN, Johnson, S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31: 431–455.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI8. McDonald, LC, Gerding, DN, Johnson, S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children: 2017 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). Clin Infect Dis off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 2018; 66: e1–e48.
Google Scholar | Crossref9. Khanafer, N, Barbut, F, Eckert, C, et al. Factors predictive of severe Clostridium difficile infection depend on the definition used. Anaerobe 2016; 37: 43–48.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Abou Chakra, CN, Pepin, J, Valiquette, L. Prediction tools for unfavourable outcomes in Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e30258.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Surawicz, CM, Brandt, LJ, Binion, DG, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infections. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108: 478–498.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI12. Belmares, J, Gerding, DN, Tillotson, G, et al. Measuring the severity of Clostridium difficile infection: implications for management and drug development. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2008; 6: 897–908.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline13. Bishop, EJ, Tiruvoipati, R, Metcalfe, J, et al. The outcome of patients with severe and severe-complicated Clostridium difficile infection treated with tigecycline combination therapy: a retrospective observational study: Tigecycline combination therapy for CDI. Intern Med J 2018; 48: 651–660.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Keller, JJ, Kuijper, EJ. Treatment of recurrent and severe Clostridium difficile infection. Annu Rev Med 2015; 66: 373–386.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Morgan, OW, Rodrigues, B, Elston, T, et al. Clinical Severity of Clostridium difficile PCR Ribotype 027: a case-case study. PLoS ONE 2008; 3: e1812.
Google Scholar | Crossref16. Abou Chakra, CN, McGeer, A, Labbé, A-C, et al. Factors associated with complications of Clostridium difficile infection in a multicenter prospective cohort. Clin Infect Dis off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 2015; 61: 1781–1788.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline17. Shaw, HA, Preston, MD, Vendrik, KEW, et al. The recent emergence of a highly related virulent Clostridium difficile clade with unique characteristics. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 26: 492–498.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. See, I, Mu, Y, Cohen, J, et al. NAP1 strain type predicts outcomes from Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58: 1394–1400.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI19. Sundram, F, Guyot, A, Carboo, I, et al. Clostridium difficile ribotypes 027 and 106: clinical outcomes and risk factors. J Hosp Infect 2009; 72: 111–118.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Swale, A, Miyajima, F, Roberts, P, et al. Calprotectin and Lactoferrin Faecal levels in patients with Clostridium difficile infection (CDI): a prospective cohort study. PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e106118.
Google Scholar | Crossref21. Kim, J, Kim, H, Oh, HJ, et al. Fecal calprotectin level reflects the severity of clostridium difficile infection. Ann Lab Med 2017; 37: 53–57.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Abou Chakra, CN, Pepin, J, Sirard, S, et al. Risk factors for recurrence, complications and mortality in Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e98400.
Google Scholar | Crossref23. Janezic, S, Potocnik, M, Zidaric, V, et al. Highly divergent Clostridium difficile strains isolated from the environment. PLoS ONE 2016; 11: e0167101.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Bouchet, V, Huot, H, Goldstein, R. Molecular genetic basis of ribotyping. Clin Microbiol Rev 2008; 21: 262–273.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline25. Martinson, JNV, Broadaway, S, Lohman, E, et al. Evaluation of portability and cost of a fluorescent PCR Ribotyping protocol for Clostridium difficile epidemiology. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53: 1192–1197.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline26. Bartlett, JG, Chang, TW, Gurwith, M, et al. Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing clostridia. N Engl J Med 1978; 298: 531–534.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI27. Pierce, PF, Wilson, R, Silva, J, et al. Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis: an epidemiologic investigation of a cluster of cases. J Infect Dis 1982; 145: 269–274.
Google Scholar28. Johnson, S, Clabots, CR, Linn, FV, et al. Nosocomial Clostridium difficile colonisation and disease. Lancet 1990; 336: 97–100.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI29. Nolan, NP, Kelly, CP, Humphreys, JF, et al. An epidemic of pseudomembranous colitis: importance of person to person spread. Gut 1987; 28: 1467–1473.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI30. Loo, VG, Poirier, L, Miller, MA, et al. A Predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2442–2449.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI31. McDonald, LC, Killgore, GE, Thompson, A, et al. An epidemic, toxin gene–variant strain of Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2433–2441.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI32. McDonald, LC, Owings, M, Jernigan, DB. Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US Short-stay Hospitals, 1996–2003. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12: 409–415.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI33. Redelings, MD, Sorvillo, F, Mascola, L. Increase in Clostridium difficile–related mortality rates, United States, 1999–2004. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13: 1417–1419.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI34. Smith, A . Outbreak of Clostridium difficile infection in an English hospital linked to hypertoxin-producing strains in Canada and the US. Wkly Releases 2005; 10: 2735.
Google Scholar35. Hubert, B, Loo, VG, Bourgault, A-M, et al. A portrait of the geographic dissemination of the Clostridium difficile North American pulsed-field type 1 strain and the epidemiology of C. difficile-associated disease in Québec. Clin Infect Dis off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am 2007; 44: 238–244.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI36. Goorhuis, A, Bakker, D, Corver, J, et al. Emergence of Clostridium difficile Infection due to a new hypervirulent strain, polymerase chain reaction Ribotype 078. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 1162–1170.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI37. van Dorp, SM, Smajlović, E, Knetsch, CW, et al. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized children in the Netherlands. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 64: 192–198.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline38. Keessen, EC, Hensgens, MP, Spigaglia, P, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of human and piglet Clostridium difficile PCR-ribotype 078. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2013; 2: 14.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline39. Pépin, J, Valiquette, L, Cossette, B. Mortality attributable to nosocomial Clostridium difficile–associated disease during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain in Quebec. CMAJ 2005; 173: 1037–1042.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI40. Scardina, T, Labuszewski, L, Pacheco, SM, et al. Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) severity and outcome among patients infected with the NAP1/BI/027 strain in a non-epidemic setting. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 36: 280–286.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline41. Walker, AS, Eyre, DW, Wyllie, DH, et al. Relationship between bacterial strain type, host biomarkers, and mortality in Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56: 1589–1600.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline42. Patterson, L, Wilcox, MH, Fawley, WN, et al. Morbidity and mortality associated with Clostridium difficile ribotype 078: a case–case study. J Hosp Infect 2012; 82: 125–128.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline43. Walk, ST, Micic, D, Jain, R, et al. Clostridium difficile Ribotype does not predict severe infection. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55: 1661–1668.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI44. Menon, A, Perry, DA, Motyka, J, et al. Changes in the association between diagnostic testing method, polymerase chain reaction Ribotype, and clinical outcomes from Clostridioides difficile infection: one institution’s experience. Clin Infect Dis 2020: ciaa1395.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline45. Goorhuis, A, Debast, SB, Dutilh, JC, et al. Type-specific risk factors and outcome in an outbreak with 2 different Clostridium difficile types simultaneously in 1 hospital. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53: 860–869.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline46. Imwattana, K, Knight, DR, Kullin, B, et al. Clostridium difficile ribotype 017 – characterization, evolution and epidemiology of the dominant strain in Asia. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8: 796–807.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline47. Carlson, TJ, Blasingame, D, Gonzales-Luna, AJ, et al. Clostridium difficile ribotype 106: a systematic review of the antimicrobial susceptibility, genetics, and clinical outcomes of this common worldwide strain. Anaerobe 2020; 62: 102142.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline48. Cho, J, Cunningham, S, Pu, M, et al. Clostridium difficile whole-genome sequencing differentiates relapse with the same strain from reinfection with a new strain. Clin Infect Dis 2020: ciaa159.
Google Scholar

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif