Ampatzis K, Song J, Ausborn J, El Manira A (2014) Separate microcircuit modules of distinct V2a interneurons and motoneurons control the speed of locomotion. Neuron 83:934–943

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arreola J, Calvo J, Garcia MC, Sanchez JA (1987) Modulation of calcium channels of twitch skeletal muscle fibers of the frog by adrenaline and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. J Physiol 393:307–330

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arshavsky YI, Beloozerova IN, Orlovsky GN, Panchin YV, Pavlova GA (1985a) Control of locomotion in marine molluskClione limacina. I. Efferent activity during actual and fictitious swimming. Expl Brain Res 58:255–262

Google Scholar 

Arshavsky YI, Beloozerova IN, Orlovsky GN, Panchin YV, Pavlova GA (1985b) Control of locomotion in marine molluskClione limacina. II. Rhythmic neurons of pedal ganglia. Expl Brain Res 58:263–272

Google Scholar 

Arshavsky YI, Beloozerova IN, Orlovsky GN, Panchin YV, Pavlova GA (1985c) Control of locomotion in marine molluskClione limacina. III. On the origin of locomotory rhythm. Expl Brain Res 58:273–284

Google Scholar 

Arshavsky YI, Beloozerova IN, Orlovsky GN, Panchin YV, Pavlova GA (1985d) Control of locomotion in marine molluskClione limacina. IV. Role of type 12 interneurons. Expl Brain Res 58:285–293

Google Scholar 

Arshavsky YI, Orlovsky GN, Panchin YV, Pavlova GA (1989) Control of locomotion in marine molluskClione limacina. VII. Reexamination of type 12 interneurons. Expl Brain Res 78:398–406

Google Scholar 

Ausborn J, Mahmood R, El Manira A (2012) Decoding the rules of recruitment of excitatory interneurons in the adult zebrafish locomotor network. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:E3631–E3639

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bjornfors ER, Picton LD, Song J, El Manira A (2019) Diversity of neurons and circuits controlling the speed of coordination of locomotion. Curr Opin Physiol 8:170–176

Google Scholar 

Cairns SP, Borrani F (2015) β-Adrenergic modulation of skeletal muscle contraction: key role of excitation-contraction coupling. J Physiol 593:4713–4727

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dougherty KJ, Kiehn O (2010) Firing and cellular properties of V2a interneurons in the rodent spinal cord. J Neurosci 30:24–37

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dzoljic E, DeVries R, Dzoljic MR (1997) New and potent inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase reduce motor activity in mice. Behav Brain Res 87:209–212

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eklof-Ljunggren E, Haupt S, Ausborn J, Dehnisch I, Uhlen P, Higashijima S, El Manira A (2012) Origin of excitation underlying locomotion in the spinal circuit of zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109:5511–5516

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Emrick MA, Sadilek M, Konoki K, Catterall WA (2010) Beta-adrenergic-regulated phosphorylation of skeletal muscle Ca(V)1.1 channel in the fight-or-flight response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 43:18712–18717

Google Scholar 

Gabriel JP, Mahmood R, Kyriakatos A, Soll I, Hauptmann G, Calabrese RL, El Manira A (2009) Serotonergic modulation of locomotion in zebrafish: endogenous release and synaptic mechanisms. J Neurosci 29:10387–10395

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gabriel JP, Ausborn J, Ampatzis K, Mahmood R, Eklof-Ljunggren E, El Manira A (2011) Principles governing recruitment of motoneurons during swimming in zebrafish. Nat Neurosci 14:93–99

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang Z, Satterlie RA (1990) Neuronal mechanisms underlying behavioral switching in a pteropod mollusk. J Comput Physiol A 166:875–887

Google Scholar 

Katz PS, Fickbohm DJ, Lynn-Bullock CP (2001) Evidence that the central pattern generator for swimming in Tritonia arose from a non-rhythmic neuromodulatory arousal system: implications for the evolution of specialized behavior. Am Zool 41:962–975

Google Scholar 

Kobzik L, Reid MB, Bredt DS, Stamler JS (1994) Nitric oxide in skeletal muscle. Nature 372:546–548

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McLean DL, Masino MA, Koh IY, Lindquist WB, Fetcho JR (2008) Continuous shifts in the active set of spinal interneurons during changes in locomotor speed. Nat Neurosci 11:1419–1429

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McLean DL, Fetcho J (2009) Spinal interneurons differentiate sequentially from those driving the fastest swimming movements in larval zebrafish to those driving the slowest ones. J Neurosci 29:13566–13577

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McPherson DR, Blankenship JE (1991) Neural control of swimming in Aplysia brasiliana. III. Serotonergic modulatory neurons. J Neurophysiol 66:1366–1379

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McPherson DR, Blankenship JE (1992) Neuronal modulation of foot and body-wall contractions in Aplysia californica. J Neurophysiol 67:23–28

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Newcomb JM, Katz PS (2009) Different functions for homologous serotonergic interneurons and serotonin in species-specific rhythmic behaviours. Proc R Soc London B 276:99–108

Google Scholar 

Parsons DW, Pinsker HM (1988) Swimming in Aplysia brasiliana: identification of parapodial opener-phase and closer-phase neurons. J Neurophysiol 59:717–739

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Parsons DW, Pinsker HM (1989) Swimming in Aplysia brasiliana: behavioral and cellular effects of serotonin. J Neurophysiol 62:1163–1176

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pirtle TJ, Satterlie RA (2006) The contribution of the pleural type 12 interneuron to swim acceleration in Clione limacina. Invert Neurosci 6:161–168

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Satterlie RA (1993) Neuromuscular organization in the swimming system of the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina. J Exp Biol 181:119–140

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Satterlie RA (1995) Serotonergic modulation of swimming speed in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina. II. Peripheral modulatory neurons. J Exp Biol 19:905–916

Google Scholar 

Satterlie RA, Norekian TP (1995) Serotonergic modulation of swimming speed in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina. III. Cerebral neurons. J Exp Biol 198:917–930

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Satterlie RA, Norekian TP (1997) Modulation of swimming speed in the pteropod mollusc, Clione limacina: role of a compartmental serotonergic system. Invert Neurosci 2:157–165

Google Scholar 

Satterlie RA, Norekian TP (2001) Mechanisms of locomotory speed change: the pteropod solution. Am Zool 41:1001–1008

Google Scholar 

Satterlie RA, Spencer AN (1985) Swimming in the pteropod mollusc, Clione limacina. II. Physiology. J Exp Biol 116:205–222

Google Scholar 

Satterlie RA, LaBarbera M, Spencer AN (1985) Swimming in the pteropod mollusc, Clione limacina. I. Behaviour and Morphology. J Exp Biol 116:189–204

Google Scholar 

Satterlie RA, Norekian TP, Jordan S, Kazilek CJ (1995) Serotonergic modulation of swimming speed in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina. I. Serotonin immunoreactivity in the central nervous system and wings. J Exp Biol 198:895–904

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Satterlie RA, Norekian TP, Pirtle TJ (2000) Serotonin-induced spike narrowing in a locomotor pattern generator permits increases in cycle frequency during accelerations. J Neurophysiol 83:2163–2170

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Song J, Pallucchi I, Ausborn J, Ampatzis K, Bertuzzi M, Fontanel P, Picton LD, El Manira A (2020) Multiple rhythm-generating circuits act in tandem with pacemaker properties to control the start and speed of locomotion. Neuron 105:1048–1061

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stamler JS, Meissner G (2001) Physiology of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle. Physiol Rev 81:209–237

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Szymik BG, Satterlie RA (2011) Changes in the wingstroke kinematics associated with a change in swimming in a pteropod mollusk, Clione limacina. J Exp Biol 214:3935–3947

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Szymik BG, Satterlie RA (2017) Circulation of hemocoelic fluid during slow and fast swimming in the pteropod mollusc Clione limacina. Invert Biol 136:290–300

Google Scholar 

Wagner N (1885) Die Wirbellosen des Weissen Meeres: Zoologische Forschungen an der Kuste des Solowetzkischen Meerbusens in den Sommermonaten der Jahre 1877, 1878, 1879 und 1882. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig

Google Scholar 

Zhong G, Droho S, Crone SA, Dietz S, Kwan AC, Webb WW, Sharma K, Harris-Warrick RM (2010) Electrophysiological characterization of V2a interneurons and their locomotor-related activity in the neonatal mouse spinal cord. J Neurosci 30:170–182

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhong G, Sharma K, Harris-Warwick RM (2011) Frequency-dependent recruitment of V2a interneurons during fictive locomotion in mouse spinal cord. Nat Commun 2:274

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar