The Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Sarcoidosis and Implications for Treatment.

Chest. 2018; 153: 1432-1442Baughman RP Teirstein AS Judson MA Rossman M Yeager H Bresnitz E et al.

Clinical Characteristics of Patients in a Case Control Study of Sarcoidosis.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001; 164 (Jr.): 1885-1889Johns C Schonfeld S Scott P Zachary J MacGregor M.

Longitudinal Study of Chronic Sarcoidosis with Low-Dose Maintenance Corticosteroid Therapy: Complications and Outcomes.

Annals of New York Academy of Sciences. 1986; : 702-712Iannuzzi M Rybicki B Sarcoidosis Teirstein A. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357: 2153-2165

Causes of death in patients with sarcoidosis. A morphologic study of 38 autopsies with clinicopathologic correlations.

Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1995; 119: 167-172Vignaux O Dhote R Duboc D.

Detection of myocardial involvement in patients with sarcoidosis applying T2-weighted, contrast enhanced, and cine magnetic resonance imaging: initial results of a prospective study.

J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2002; 26: 762-767Tavora F Cresswell N Li L Ripple M Solomon C Burke A.

Comparison of necropsy findings in patients with sarcoidosis dying suddenly from cardiac sarcoidosis versus dying suddenly from other causes.

Am J Cardiol. 2009; 104: 571-577Iwai K Tachibana T Takemura T Matsui Y Kitaichi M Kawabata Y.

Pathological studies on sarcoidosis autopsy. I. Epidemiological features of 320 cases in Japan.

Acta Pathologica Japonica. 1993; 43: 372-376Coleman GC Shaw PW Balfour PC Gonzalez JA Kramer CM Patel AR et al.

Prognostic Value of Myocardial Scarring on CMR in Patients With Cardiac Sarcoidosis.

JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017; 10 (Jr.): 411-420Kandolin R Lehtonen J Airaksinen J Vihinen T Miettinen H Ylitalo K et al.

Cardiac sarcoidosis: epidemiology, characteristics, and outcome over 25 years in a nationwide study.

Circulation. 2015; 131: 624-632Lynch JP Hwang J Bradfield J Fishbein M Shivkumar K Tung R.

Cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis: evolving concepts in diagnosis and treatment.

Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2014; 35: 372-390Yafasova A Fosbol EL Schou M Gustafsson F Rossing K Bundgaard H et al.

Long-Term Adverse Cardiac Outcomes in Patients With Sarcoidosis.

J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 76: 767-777Grutters JC van den Bosch JM.

Corticosteroid treatment in sarcoidosis.

Eur Respir J. 2006; 28: 627-636Vorselaars ADM Wuyts WA Vorselaars VMM Zanen P Deneer VHM Veltkamp M et al.

Methotrexate vs azathioprine in second-line therapy of sarcoidosis.

Chest. 2013; 144: 805-812Brill AK Ott SR Geiser T.

Effect and safety of mycophenolate mofetil in chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis: a retrospective study.

Respiration. 2013; 86: 376-383Hamzeh N Voelker A Forssen A Gottschall EB Rose C Mroz P et al.

Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil in sarcoidosis.

Respir Med. 2014; 108: 1663-1669Bitoun S Bouvry D Borie R Mahevas M Sacre K Haroche J et al.

Treatment of neurosarcoidosis: A comparative study of methotrexate and mycophenolate mofetil.

Neurology. 2016; 87: 2517-2521Androdias G Maillet D Marignier R Pinède L Confavreux C Broussolle C et al.

Mycophenolate mofetil may be effective in CNS sarcoidosis but not in sarcoid myopathy.

Neurology. 2011; 76: 1168-1172Birnie DH Sauer WH Bogun F Cooper JM Culver DA Duvernoy CS et al.

HRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of arrhythmias associated with cardiac sarcoidosis.

Heart Rhythm. 2014; 11: 1305-1323Yoshinaga K Miyagawa M Kiso K Ishida Y.

Japanese Guidelines for Cardiac Sarcoidosis.

Annals of Nuclear Cardiology. 2017; 3: 121-124

New Guidelines for Diagnosis of Cardiac Sarcoidosis in Japan.

Annals of Nuclear Cardiology. 2017; 3: 42-45

Terasaki. CF. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac sarcoidosis. Published on February 24, 2017 [in Japanese]: The Japanese Circulation Society (JCS). 2017 [Available from: http: //www. j-circ. or. jp/guideline/pdf/JCS2016_terasaki_h.pdf.

Moller DR Koth LL Maier LA Morris A Drake W Rossman M et al.

Rationale and Design of the Genomic Research in Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency and Sarcoidosis (GRADS) Study.

Sarcoidosis Protocol. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015; 12: 1561-1571Nagueh SF Smiseth OA Appleton CP Byrd BF Dokainish H Edvardsen T et al.

Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.

J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016; 29 (3rd): 277-314Gilotra NA Wand AL Pillarisetty A Devraj M Pavlovic N Ahmed S et al.

Clinical and Imaging Response to Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Inhibitors in Treatment of Cardiac Sarcoidosis: A Multicenter Experience.

J Card Fail. 2020; Kruse MJ Kovell L Kasper EK Pomper MG Moller DR Solnes L et al.

Myocardial Blood Flow and Inflammatory Cardiac Sarcoidosis.

JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017; 10: 157-167Chareonthaitawee P Beanlands RS Chen W Dorbala S Miller EJ Murthy VL et al.

Joint SNMMI-ASNC expert consensus document on the role of (18)F-FDG PET/CT in cardiac sarcoid detection and therapy monitoring.

J Nucl Cardiol. 2017; 24: 1741-1758Ning N Guo HH Iagaru A Mittra E Fowler M Witteles R.

Serial Cardiac FDG-PET for the Diagnosis and Therapeutic Guidance of Patients With Cardiac Sarcoidosis.

J Card Fail. 2019; 25: 307-311

Negative clinical trials in sarcoidosis: failed therapies or flawed study design?.

Eur Respir J. 2014; 44: 1123-1126Sahoo DH Bandyopadhyay D Xu M Pearson K Parambil JG Lazar CA et al.

Effectiveness and safety of leflunomide for pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis.

European Respiratory Journal. 2011; 38: 1145-1150Sadek MM Yung D Birnie DH Beanlands RS Nery PB.

Corticosteroid therapy for cardiac sarcoidosis: a systematic review.

Can J Cardiol. 2013; 29: 1034-1041Winters S Cohen M Greenberg S Stein B Curwin J Pe E et al.

Sustained ventricular tachycardia associated with sarcoidosis: Assessment of the underlying cardiac anatomy and the prospective utility of programmed ventricular stimulation, drug therapy and an implantable antitachycardia device.

J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991; 18: 937-943Furushima H Chinushi M Sugiura H Kasai H Washizuka T Aizawa Y.

Ventricular tachyarrhythmia associated with cardiac sarcoidosis: Its mechanisms and outcome.

Clinical Cardiology. 2004; 27: 217-222Chung ES Packer M Lo KH Fasanmade AA Willerson JT Anti TNFTACHFI.

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the anti-TNF Therapy Against Congestive Heart Failure (ATTACH) trial.

Circulation. 2003; 107: 3133-3140Mann DL McMurray JJ Packer M Swedberg K Borer JS Colucci WS et al.

Targeted anticytokine therapy in patients with chronic heart failure: results of the Randomized Etanercept Worldwide Evaluation (RENEWAL).

Circulation. 2004; 109: 1594-1602Baker MC Sheth K Witteles R Genovese MC Shoor S Simard JF.

TNF-alpha inhibition for the treatment of cardiac sarcoidosis.

Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020; 50: 546-552