Title:The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species, Kinases, Hydrogen Sulfide, and Nitric Oxide in the Regulation of Autophagy and Their Impact on Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in the Heart

VOLUME: 17 ISSUE: 4

Author(s):Andrey Krylatov, Leonid Maslov*, Sergey Y. Tsibulnikov, Nikita Voronkov, Alla Boshchenko, James Downey and Robert Mentzer

Affiliation:Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, AL 36688, Molecular Cardiobiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, CA 90048

Keywords:Autophagy, heart, ischemia, reperfusion, kinases, H2S, nitric oxide.

Abstract:There is considerable evidence that autophagy in cardiomyocytes is activated by hypoxia/ reoxygenation (H/R) or in hearts by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Depending upon the experimental model and duration of ischemia, increases in autophagy in this setting maybe beneficial (cardioprotective) or deleterious (exacerbate I/R injury). Besides the conundrum as to whether or not autophagy is an adaptive process, it is clearly regulated by a number of diverse molecules, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), various kinases, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO). The purpose of this review was to address briefly the controversy regarding the role of autophagy in this setting and to examine a variety of disparate molecules that are involved in its regulation.