Menke J, Lüthje L, Kastrup A, Larsen J. Thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105:502–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Benjamin EJ, Virani SS, Callaway CW, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2018 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;137:E67–492.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Noseworthy PA, Kaufman ES, Chen LY, Chung MK, Elkind MSV, Joglar JA, Leal MA, McCabe PJ, Pokorney SD, Yao X. Subclinical and device-detected atrial fibrillation: pondering the knowledge gap: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;140:E944–63.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McIntyre WF, Benz AP, Becher N, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with device-detected atrial fibrillation: a study-level meta-analysis of the NOAH-AFNET 6 and ARTESiA trials. Circulation. 2024;149:981–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaplan RM, Koehler J, Ziegler PD, Sarkar S, Zweibel S, Passman RS. Stroke risk as a function of atrial fibrillation duration and CHA2DS2-VASc score. Circulation. 2019;140:1639–46.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meschia JF, Bushnell C, Boden-Albala B, et al. Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45:3754–832.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hindricks G, Potpara T, Kirchhof P, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): the Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:373–498.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lubitz SA, Atlas SJ, Ashburner JM, et al. Screening for atrial fibrillation in older adults at primary care visits: VITAL-AF randomized controlled trial. Circulation. 2022;145:946–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jonas DE, Kahwati LC, Yun JDY, Cook Middleton J, Coker-Schwimmer M, Asher GN. Screening for atrial fibrillation with electrocardiography: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2018;320:485–98.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM, et al. Screening for atrial fibrillation: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022;327:360–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Desvigne-Nickens P, et al. Research priorities in atrial fibrillation screening: a report from a national heart, lung, and blood institute virtual workshop. Circulation. 2021;143:372–88.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Overview | Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management | Guidance | NICE.

Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, et al. 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2024;149:E1–156.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fuster V, Rydén LE, Asinger RW, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for practice guidelines and policy conferences (committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:1231–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

January CT, Wann LS, Calkins H, et al. 2019 AHA/ACC/HRS focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:104–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Voight J, Akkaya M, Somasundaram P, Karim R, Valliani S, Kwon Y, Adabag S. Risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation and stroke after radiofrequency ablation of isolated, typical atrial flutter. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:1884–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nedios S, Sommer P, Dagres N, et al. Long-term follow-up after atrial fibrillation ablation in patients with impaired left ventricular systolic function: the importance of rhythm and rate control. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:344–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bernstein RA, Kamel H, Granger CB, Piccini JP, Sethi PP, Katz JM, Vives CA, Ziegler PD, Franco NC, Schwamm LH. Effect of long-term continuous cardiac monitoring vs usual care on detection of atrial fibrillation in patients with stroke attributed to large- or small-vessel disease: the STROKE-AF randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;325:2169–77.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buck BH, Hill MD, Quinn FR, et al. Effect of implantable vs prolonged external electrocardiographic monitoring on atrial fibrillation detection in patients with ischemic stroke: the PER DIEM randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;325:2160–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gladstone DJ, Spring M, Dorian P, et al. Atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2467–77.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rizas KD, Freyer L, Sappler N, et al. Smartphone-based screening for atrial fibrillation: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial. Nat Med. 2022;28:1823–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fuster V, Rydén LE, Asinger RW, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for practice guidelines and policy conferences (committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation). Eur Heart J. 2001;22:1852–923.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hilbel T, Frey N. Review of current ECG consumer electronics (pros and cons). J Electrocardiol. 2023;77:23–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hilbel T, Alhersh T, Stein W, Doman L, Schultz JH. Analysis and postprocessing of ECG or heart rate data from wearable devices beyond the proprietary cloud and app infrastructure of the vendors. Cardiovasc Digit Health J. 2021;2:323–30.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Owens CG, McClelland AJJ, Walsh SJ, Smith BA, Tomlin A, Riddell JW, Stevenson M, Adgey AAJ. Prehospital 80-LAD mapping: does it add significantly to the diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes? J Electrocardiol. 2004;37:223–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McClelland AJJ, Owens CG, Menown IBA, Lown M, Adgey AAJ. Comparison of the 80-lead body surface map to physician and to 12-lead electrocardiogram in detection of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:252–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duarte R, Stainthorpe A, Greenhalgh J, et al. Lead-I ECG for detecting atrial fibrillation in patients with an irregular pulse using single time point testing: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2020;24:vii–164.

Article  Google Scholar 

D Mannhart M Lischer S Knecht du Fay de Lavallaz I Strebel T Serban D Vögeli B Schaer S Osswald C Mueller M Kühne 2023 Clinical validation of 5 direct-to-consumer wearable smart devices to detect atrial fibrillation: BASEL wearable study Clinical Electrophysiology 9 232 242

Perez MV, Mahaffey KW, Hedlin H, et al. Large-scale assessment of a Smartwatch to identify atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1909–17.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sam Surette (2023) Medical Device Development Tool (MDDT) Summary of evidence and basis of qualification. One Apple Park Way Cupertino, CA 95014

Passman R. Monitoring for AF: identifying the burden of atrial fibrillation and assessing post-ablation. J Innov Card Rhythm Manag. 2017;8:2575–82.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Philpott JM, Zemlin CW, Cox JL, et al. The ABLATE trial: safety and efficacy of Cox maze-IV using a bipolar radiofrequency ablation system. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;100:1541–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen W, Khurshid S, Singer DE, Atlas SJ, Ashburner JM, Ellinor PT, McManus DD, Lubitz SA, Chhatwal J. Cost-effectiveness of screening for atrial fibrillation using wearable devices. JAMA Health Forum. 2022;3:E222419.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Neri L, Oberdier MT, van Abeelen KCJ, et al. Electrocardiogram monitoring wearable devices and artificial-intelligence-enabled diagnostic capabilities: a review. Sensors. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/S23104805.