V.Q. is supported by the H2020 IMI IDEA-FAST (ID853981). C.T. is supported by the Ministry of Health PRIN 2021 RePlast and by the H2020 IMI IDEA-FAST (ID853981). A.Rizzardi is supported by the H2020 IMI IDEA-FAST (ID853981) and the PNRR-Health PNRR-MAD-2022-12376110. A.Pilotto has been supported by grants of Airalzh Foundation AGYR2021 Life-Bio Grant, The LIMPE-DISMOV Foundation Segala Grant 2021, the Italian Ministry of University and Research PRIN COCOON (2017MYJ5TH) and PRIN 2021 RePlast (20202THZAW), the H2020 IMI IDEA-FAST (ID853981), Italian Ministry of Health, Grant/Award Number: RF-2018-12366209 and PNRR-Health PNRR-MAD-2022-12376110. A. Padovani has been supported by grants of the Italian Ministry of University and Research PRIN COCOON (2017MYJ5TH) and PRIN 2021 RePlast (20202THZAW), the H2020 IMI IDEA-FAST (ID853981), Italian Ministry of Health, Grant/Award Number: RF-2018-12366209, RF-2019-12369272 and PNRR-Health PNRR-MAD-2022-12376110.

N.T. received compensation for consulting services/speaking fees from Amylyx Pharmaceutical, Zambon Biotech SA, Biogen and Italfarmaco. He received research funding from the Italian Ministry of Health, the Italian Ministry of University and Research and AriSLA. He is associate editor of Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. F.V. is associate editor of Journal of Alzheimer disease. V.S. received compensation for consulting services and/or speaking activities from AveXis, Cytokinetics, Italfarmaco, Liquidweb S.r.l., Novartis Pharma AG and Zambon. Receives or has received research supports form the Italian Ministry of Health, AriSLA, and E-Rare Joint Transnational Call. He is in the Editorial Board of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration, European Neurology, American Journal of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Frontiers in Neurology, and Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy. A.D. received compensation for consulting services and/or speaking activities from ABBVIE, Eli Lilly, Teva, Lundbeck, Novartis, Zambon, Neopharmed Gentili, Piam. E.C. received compensation for consulting services and/or speaking activities from Eli Lilly, Lundbeck. S.M. received compensation for speaking activities from Eli Lilly and Novartis Pharma AG. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.