Knezevic NN, Candido KD, Vlaeyen JWS, Zundert JV, Cohen SP (2021) Low back pain. Lancet 398:78–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00733-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, Louw Q, Ferreira ML, Genevay S et al (2018) What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. Lancet 391:2356–2367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30480-X

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Balagué F, Mannion AF, Pellisé F, Cedraschi C (2012) Non-specific low back pain. Lancet 379:482–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60610-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krishnan KS, Raju G, Shawkataly O (2021) Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders: psychological and physical risk factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179361

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Batley S, Aartun E, Boyle E, Hartvigsen J, Stern PJ, Hestbæk L (2019) The association between psychological and social factors and spinal pain in adolescents. Eur J Pediatr 178:275–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-018-3291-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chun SW, Lim CY, Kim K, Hwang J, Chung SG (2017) The relationships between low back pain and lumbar lordosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine J 17:1180–1191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2017.04.034

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roussouly P, Gollogly S, Berthonnaud E, Dimnet J (2005) Classification of the normal variation in the sagittal alignment of the human lumbar spine and pelvis in the standing position. Spine 30:346–353. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000152379.54463.65

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chaléat-Valayer E, Mac-Thiong JM, Paquet J, Berthonnaud E, Siani F, Roussouly P (2011) Sagittal spino-pelvic alignment in chronic low back pain. Eur Spine J 2011:634–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-011-1931-2

Article  Google Scholar 

Tominaga R, Kurita N, Kokubun Y, Nikaido T, Sekiguchi M, Otani K et al (2021) Dose-response relationship between spino-pelvic alignment determined by sagittal modifiers and back pain-specific quality of life. Eur Spine J 30:3019–3027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-021-06965-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tatsumi M, Mkoba EM, Suzuki Y, Kajiwara Y, Zeidan H, Harada K et al (2021) Risk factors of low back pain and the relationship with sagittal vertebral alignment in Tanzania. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 20:584. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2953-x

Article  Google Scholar 

Banno T, Togawa D, Arima H, Hasegawa T, Yamato Y, Kobayashi S et al (2016) The cohort study for the determination of reference values for spinopelvic parameters (T1 pelvic angle and global tilt) in elderly volunteers. Eur Spine J 25:3687–3693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-016-4411-x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Protopsaltis T, Bronsard N, Soroceanu A, Henry JK, Lafage R, Smith J et al (2016) Cervical sagittal deformity develops after PJK in adult thoracolumbar deformity correction: radiographic analysis utilizing a novel global sagittal angular parameter, the CTPA. Eur Spine J 26:1111–1120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-016-4653-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hills J, Mundis GM, Klineberg EO, Smith JS, Line B, Gum JL et al (2024) The T4–L1-Hip Axis: sagittal spinal realignment targets in long-construct adult spinal deformity surgery: early impact. J Bone Joint Surg Am. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.23.00372

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Royen BJV, Toussaint HM, Kingma I, Bot SD, Caspers M, Harlaar J et al (1998) Accuracy of the sagittal vertical axis in a standing lateral radiograph as a measurement of balance in spinal deformities. Eur Spine J 7:408–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005860050098

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hyun SJ, Han S, Kim YB, Kim YJ, Kang GB, Cheong JY (2019) Predictive formula of ideal lumbar lordosis and lower lumbar lordosis determined by individual pelvic incidence in asymptomatic elderly population. Eur Spine J 28:1906–1913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-019-05955-w

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sebaaly A, Silvestre C, Rizkallah M, Grobost P, Chevillotte T, Kharrat K et al (2020) Revisiting thoracic kyphosis: a normative description of the thoracic sagittal curve in an asymptomatic population. Eur Spine J 30:1184–1189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-020-06670-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferrero E, Vira S, Ames CP, Kebaish K, Obeid I, O’Brien MF et al (2016) Analysis of an unexplored group of sagittal deformity patients: low pelvic tilt despite positive sagittal malalignment. Eur Spine J 25:3568–3576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-015-4048-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hasegawa K, Hatsushikano S, Huec JCL, Sardar Z, Wong HK, Hey HWD (2022) Pelvic thickness, sex, ethnicity, and age affect pelvic incidence in healthy volunteers of Multi-Ethnic Alignment Normative Study (MEANS) database. Eur Spine J 31:1421–1430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-022-07134-w

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Janusz P, Tyrakowski M, Monsef JB, Siemionow K et al (2016) Influence of lower limbs discrepancy and pelvic coronal rotation on pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt and sacral slope. Eur Spine J 25:3622–3629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-016-4458-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ishimoto Y, Kawakami M, Curtis E, Cooper C, Harvey NC, Westbury L et al (2019) The impact of lumbar spinal stenosis, knee osteoarthritis, and loss of lumbar lordosis on the quality of life: findings from the katsuragi low back pain study. Spine Surg Relat Res 3:157–162. https://doi.org/10.22603/ssrr.2018-0051

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Christie HJ, Kumar S, Warren SA (1995) Postural aberrations in low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 76:218–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9993(95)80604-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Misir A, Kizkapan TB, Tas SK, Yildiz KI, Ozcamdalli M, Yetis M (2019) Lumbar spine posture and spinopelvic parameters change in various standing and sitting postures. Eur Spine J 28:1072–1081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5846-z

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barrey C, Jund J, Noseda O, Roussouly P (2007) Sagittal balance of the pelvis-spine complex and lumbar degenerative diseases. A comparative study about 85 cases. Eur Spine J 16:1459–1467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-006-0294-6

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barrey C, Roussouly P, Perrin G, Huec JCL (2011) Sagittal balance disorders in severe degenerative spine. Can we identify the compensatory mechanisms? Eur Spine J 2011:626–633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-011-1930-3

Article  Google Scholar 

Yang X, Kong Q, Song Y, Liu L, Zeng J, Xing R (2014) The characteristics of spinopelvic sagittal alignment in patients with lumbar disc degenerative diseases. Eur Spine J 23:569–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-013-3067-z

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ma H, Hu Z, Shi B, Liu Z, Zhu Z, Chu WCW et al (2022) Global Alignment and proportion (GAP) score in asymptomatic individuals: Is it universal? Spine J 22:1566–1575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2022.04.003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Protopsaltis T, Schwab F, Bronsard N, Smith JS, Klineberg E, Mundis G et al (2014) TheT1 pelvic angle, a novel radiographic measure of global sagittal deformity, accounts for both spinal inclination and pelvic tilt and correlates with health-related quality of life. J Bone Joint Surg Am 96:1631–1640. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.M.01459

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klineberg E, Schwab F, Smith JS, Gupta MC, Lafage V, Bess S (2013) Sagittal spinal pelvic alignment. Neurosurg Clin N Am 24:157–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nec.2012.12.003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar