Aarestad, S. H., Flaa, T. A., Griffiths, M. D., & Pallesen, S. (2023). Smartphone addiction and subjective withdrawal effects: A three-day experimental study. SAGE Open, 13(4), 21582440231219536. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231219538

Article  Google Scholar 

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004). Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review, 111(1), 33–51. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.33

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Billieux, J. (2012). Problematic use of the mobile phone: A literature review and a pathways model. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8(4), 299–307.

Article  Google Scholar 

Binford, J., Dolan, M., Elhai, J. D., & Contractor, A. A. (2024). Examining relationships between posttraumatic stress disorder severity and types of media/technology usage. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 16(1), 92–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001333

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Busch, P. A., & McCarthy, S. (2021). Antecedents and consequences of problematic smartphone use: A systematic literature review of an emerging research area. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, 106414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106414

Article  Google Scholar 

Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: Consider the Brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Youth risk behavior survey data. Retrieved May 5, 2024 from www.cdc.gov/yrbs

Chudzicka-Czupała, A., Hapon, N., Man, R. H. C., Li, D. J., Żywiołek-Szeja, M., Karamushka, L., …, Yen, C. F. (2023). Associations between coping strategies and psychological distress among people living in Ukraine, Poland, and Taiwan during the initial stage of the 2022 war in Ukraine. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 14(1), 2163129. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2022.2163129

Contractor, A. A., Frankfurt, S. B., Weiss, N. H., & Elhai, J. D. (2017a). Latent-level relations between DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 170–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.051

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Contractor, A. A., Weiss, N. H., Tull, M. T., & Elhai, J. D. (2017b). PTSD’s relation with problematic smartphone use: Mediating role of impulsivity. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 177–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.05.018

Article  Google Scholar 

Contractor, A. A., Weiss, N. H., & Elhai, J. D. (2019). Examination of the relation between PTSD symptoms, smartphone feature uses, and problematic smartphone use. Social Science Computer Review, 37(3), 385–403. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439318770745

Article  Google Scholar 

Días, C., Cruz, J., & Fonseca, A. (2012). The relationship between multidimensional competitive anxiety, cognitive threat appraisal, and coping strategies: A multi-sport study. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology., 10(1), 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2012.645131

Article  Google Scholar 

Eide, T. A., Aarestad, S. H., Andreassen, C. S., Bilder, R. M., & Pallesen, S. (2018). Smartphone restriction and its effect on subjective withdrawal related scores. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 386218. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01444

Article  Google Scholar 

Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2016). Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 509–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.079

Article  Google Scholar 

Elhai, J. D., Dvorak, R. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flanagan, J. C., Korte, K. J., Killeen, T. K., & Back, S. E. (2016). Concurrent treatment of substance use and PTSD. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(8), 70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0709-y

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Flynn, E. A., Thériault, É. R., & Williams, S. R. (2020). The use of smartphones to cope with stress in university students: Helpful or harmful? Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 5(2), 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-019-00125-7

Article  Google Scholar 

García-Oliva, C., & Piqueras, J. A. (2016). Experiential avoidance and technological addictions in adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(2), 293–303. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.041

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harmony Healthcare IT. (2024). Black mirror or black hole? American phone screen time statistics. Retrieved June 7, 2024 from https://www.harmonyhit.com/phone-screen-time-statistics/

Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.

Hitcham, L., Jackson, H., & James, R. J. E. (2023). The relationship between smartphone use and smartphone addiction: An examination of logged and self-reported behavior in a pre-registered, two-wave sample. Computers in Human Behavior, 146, 107822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107822

Article  Google Scholar 

Keyes, K. K., Gary, D., O’Malley, P. M., Hamilton, A., & Schulenberg, A. (2019). Recent increases in depressive symptoms among US adolescents: Trends from 1991 to 2018. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54, 987–996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01697-8

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim, Y. J., Jang, H. M., Lee, Y., Lee, D., & Kim, D. J. (2018). Effects of internet and smartphone addictions on depression and anxiety based on propensity score matching analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5), 859. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050859

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H., & Yang, S. (2013). The smartphone addiction scale: Development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One, 8(12), e83558. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083558

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Larsen, H., Wiers, R. W., Su, S., & Cousijn, J. (2023). Excessive smartphone use and addiction: When harms start outweighing benefits. Addiction, 118(4), 586–588. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16060

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin, M. P. (2022). Avoidance/emotion-focused coping mediates the relationship between distress tolerance and problematic Internet use in a representative sample of adolescents in Taiwan: One-year follow-up. Journal of Adolescence, 94(4), 600–610. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12049

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miethe, S., Wigger, J., Wartemann, A., Fuchs, F. O., & Trautmann, S. (2023). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and its association with rumination, thought suppression and experiential avoidance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 45(2), 480–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-023-10022-2

Article  Google Scholar 

Minich, M., & Moreno, M. (2024). Real-world adolescent smartphone use is associated with improvements in mood: An ecological momentary assessment study. PloS One, 19(5), e0298422. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298422

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., & Han, B. (2016). National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics, 138(6), e20161878. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1878

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Panova, T., & Lleras, A. (2016). Avoidance or boredom: Negative mental health outcomes associated with use of information and communication technologies depend on users’ motivations. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.062

Article  Google Scholar 

Pew Research Center. (2024). Mobile fact sheet. Retrieved May 9, 2024 from https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/mobile/

Pivetta, E., Harkin, L., Billieux, J., Kanjo, E., & Kuss, D. J. (2019). Problematic smartphone use: An empirically validated model. Computers in Human Behavior, 100, 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.013

Article  Google Scholar 

Poulus, D., Coulter, T. J., Trotter, M. G., & Polman, R. (2020). Stress and coping in esports and the influence of mental toughness. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 628. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00628

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Price, M., Legrand, A. C., Brier, Z. M. F., van Stolk-Cooke, K., Peck, K., Dodds, P. S., Danforth, C. M., & Adams, Z. W. (2022). Doomscrolling during COVID-19: The negative association between daily social and traditional media consumption and mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 14(8), 1338–1346. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001202

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ratan, Z. A., Parrish, A.-M., Zaman, S. B., Alotaibi, M. S., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2021). Smartphone addiction and associated health outcomes in adult populations: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(22), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212257

Article  CAS