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Despite substantial improvements in hemodialysis delivery and outcomes over the last decade, patients undergoing hemodialysis continue to have negative experiences []. Particularly, patients undergoing hemodialysis still experience poor quality of life (QOL); their symptoms remain prevalent; and their financial burden, morbidity, and mortality remain unacceptably high []. Studies have indicated a potential survival advantage with intensive dialysis (ie, an increase in dialysis frequency or duration), a goal that can be achieved with home-based dialysis []. Home hemodialysis (HHD) is mostly provided in Western Europe, and increased use of HHD aims to strengthen patients’ position and QOL and reduce financial burdens and human resource challenges [,]. Patients undergoing hemodialysis depend on effective and real-time communication with renal health care professionals (HCPs) to optimize their QOL owing to the high symptom burden and the complexity of the illness and treatment [].
The increasing demand for participation in health-related decision-making in both in-center hemodialysis and HHD requires innovative interventions for eHealth communication []. Digital home monitoring is in development and enables 2-way communication between patients and HCPs. Many technical challenges have been described in implementing communication interventions and information flows in digital health care systems [-]. However, the challenges of the participative role of patients undergoing hemodialysis have rarely been explored.
Approximately 3.9 million individuals living with stage-V chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide receive kidney replacement therapy, kidney transplantation, or various forms of dialysis, and the numbers continue to rise [,]. In-center hemodialysis is more common than peritoneal dialysis (PD), with approximately 2.3 million individuals undergoing hemodialysis in 2019 []. In hemodialysis, blood is pumped out of the body to an artificial kidney machine and returned to the body via tubes connecting the machine to the patient [], thus involving direct access to the patient’s circulatory system. Complications such as severe bleeding, venous thrombosis, infection, or low blood pressure may occur; therefore, patients should be knowledgeable and competent regarding interventions to reduce complications and ensure their safety []. Chuasuwan et al [] reported a lower QOL in patients receiving hemodialysis than in those receiving PD. PD can be performed more easily than hemodialysis at home [].
Patient participation is increasingly promoted to improve HCPs’ responsiveness to patient needs and ensure the legitimacy of decisions affecting patient care [,]. Patient participation has individual and collective dimensions. The individual dimension refers to enabling patients to have more influence over their health by increasing their capacity to gain more control over the issues they consider important, including access to their electronic health record (EHR). The collective dimension refers to patient participation in collective activities, in which patients, relatives, representatives, or service users are actively engaged in shaping the development of health care services []. The expanding development and dissemination of eHealth interventions is a paradigm shift toward enhanced individuality and patient-centered care [-].
Interactions between nurses and patients during hemodialysis sessions involve ongoing dialogues on topics such as hydration status, treatment goals, and practical decisions regarding dialysis procedures []. These interactions differ significantly from those in other medical contexts, such as diabetes, owing to frequent and prolonged treatment durations. A critical aspect for patients undergoing hemodialysis involves ongoing consultations regarding health status and eligibility for kidney transplantation, a life-saving procedure for recipients. Inadequate communication about transplantation status between patients and the involved clinicians can compromise patient empowerment and the nurse-patient relationship []. Moreover, a proportion of patients receiving hemodialysis do not qualify for kidney transplantation owing to various medical factors []. Considerations such as dialysis discontinuation, end-of-life decisions, and subsequent adjustments to supportive treatment and care preferences become particularly crucial []. This highlights another significant issue that profoundly impacts this patient group. We hypothesized that individuals undergoing hemodialysis encounter unique issues and interactions owing to the long-term collaboration and communication between patients and HCPs during frequent dialysis sessions whether in a clinical setting or at home. Overall, these factors may necessitate specific eHealth communication interventions tailored to the needs of patients receiving hemodialysis. Therefore, we found it appropriate to focus exclusively on the population undergoing hemodialysis.
Prior Work and Implications for This StudyA previous review reported a low level of eHealth literacy when assessing the availability, acceptability, and use of mobile health in a population with CKD []. Another review found a knowledge gap in sociocultural and safety aspects when exploring mobile health use in a population undergoing hemodialysis []. However, none of these reviews addressed patient participation, communication, barriers, and facilitators. Therefore, this study explored the participative role of patients undergoing hemodialysis. We used the phrase eHealth communication to refer to communication technologies that enable HCP-patient interaction through electronic means []. This term encompasses digital and electronic communication interventions []. Many eHealth interventions are multimodal, and their definitions may overlap []. Distinguishing between synchronous communication as video, telephone, and direct messaging functionalities and asynchronous communication as email and SMS text messages is common []. This study explored the role of patients undergoing hemodialysis in both types of eHealth communication, such as patient portals; telehealth solutions (eg, videoconferencing); and the use of computers, minicomputers, tablets, networks, or cloud storage for managing and storing medical records.
Furthermore, we explored the potential of 2-way digital communication in patient outcomes. Electronic patient-reported outcome measures (ePROMs) improve patient outcomes [,]. Knowledge of patient experience with digital communication related to the use of ePROMs is lacking []. In addition, we aimed to investigate the role of patients in digital communication related to ePROMs. The COVID-19 pandemic boosted the development and use of eHealth in nephrology; however, additional knowledge of the barriers to and facilitators of patient participation is required owing to the existing knowledge gap regarding why some patients do not use digital communication. Phelps et al [] analyzed the use of a UK patient portal from 2009 to 2013 by patients with CKD and found that inactive users had not registered with or logged on to the patient portal. A study of barriers to and facilitators of the use of general eHealth by older adults found that high use of eHealth by older people was not possible []. Therefore, we found it necessary to explore the need for digital communication in patients undergoing hemodialysis. A comprehensive overview of the available eHealth communication interventions for patients undergoing hemodialysis and HCPs will aid in identifying the status of patient participation in eHealth communication and the gaps and areas for further development.
Objectives and Research QuestionsThis scoping review aimed to systemize and map emerging research on eHealth communication interventions for patients undergoing hemodialysis and their participative role in these interventions and to identify barriers to and facilitators of patient participation.
In this review, we were guided by the following research questions (RQs):
Which types of eHealth communication interventions for patients undergoing hemodialysis and HCPs can be identified in the literature, and how are they linked to EHRs?Which participative roles of patients undergoing hemodialysis in eHealth communication with HCPs can be identified in the literature?What are the key participative barriers to and facilitators of eHealth communication with HCPs that are encountered by patients undergoing hemodialysis?This review considered studies that included a population of adult patients (aged >18 y) undergoing hemodialysis. All types of hemodialysis, including prescheduled in-center dialysis and conventional HHD, were included. Studies focusing on patients aged <18 years, patients with stage-I to stage-IV CKD, patients undergoing transplants, and those undergoing PD were excluded. Intervention studies that included patients undergoing hemodialysis and PD were included; however, studies that included only patients undergoing PD were excluded. This review included studies that explored a 3-fold concept. First, the types of eHealth communication interventions included both electronic and digital technology for oral or written communications for example, EHRs (including standardized nursing terminology, electronic patient records or portals, electronic conferencing, and mobile written or oral communication mediated by electronic or digital means). Studies on eHealth interventions with no possibility for communication between patients with CKD and health professionals were excluded (eg, mobile apps for self-efficacy). Second, patient participation in this review referred to the definition by Thompson [], that is, patient participation requires professionals to engage in 2-way communication. We included studies at all the continuum levels of patient participation, involvement, and similar concepts. Third, barriers to patient participation in eHealth communication included problems, issues, challenges, and obstacles to participation. Facilitators of patient participation included recommendations, interventions or programs, motivation, and experienced results []. The barriers and facilitators encountered by patients undergoing hemodialysis were included.
The context for the review was hemodialysis care.
This review was conducted based on an a priori published protocol []. We adopted the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews to present methodological rigor and transparency [,]. This scoping review followed a structured and predefined process that requires rigorous methods to ensure that the results are reliable and meaningful to end users, in line with those of other systematic reviews. We conducted a comprehensive systematic literature search, data extraction, and charting accompanied by a narrative summary of eHealth communication interventions and participative roles of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Scoping reviews do not offer direct recommendations for practice; therefore, no critical appraisal of the methodological quality of the included studies was required. However, the results of scoping reviews are widely used to inform the development of trustworthy clinical guidelines []. Thus, this review contributes with an overview of existing research on eHealth communication in hemodialysis and future interventions in this field. This review was reported according to the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines []. PRISMA checklist has been provided in .
Eligibility CriteriaThe eligibility criteria for this review are outlined in .
Textbox 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eligibility criteria for the screening and inclusion process, including article type, study type, and language.Inclusion criteria
Article and study type: peer-reviewed primary studies, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods study designs, and PhD theses (PhD theses were included due to the suspected empirical and methodological level in line with peer-reviewed articles; Master’s theses, unpublished studies, and conference abstracts were excluded due to lack of peer review)Language: EnglishExclusion criteria
Article and study type: conference abstracts, unpublished studies, and Master’s thesesLanguage: languages other than EnglishInformation SourcesWe performed a systematic search using the following electronic databases: MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCOhost CINAHL with Full Text), Scopus, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Open. No restrictions on year range were imposed on the search owing to the novelty of the research field.
SearchA full electronic search strategy for MEDLINE () was developed and adjusted to the remaining databases. The systematic searches were conducted on May 6, 2022. An identical and updated systematic search was conducted across all databases covering the period from January 1, 2022, to June 4, 2024, to ensure the inclusion of the latest research.
Textbox 2. Search documentation for MEDLINE.MEDLINE (Ovid) search strategy
Search dates: May 6, 2022 (190 records retrieved); June 4, 2024 (49 new records retrieved; published since May 6, 2022)Participant and context search terms were mutually inclusive. Concept search terms were divided into 2 search blocks.No limitationsSearched: (1) population, context, and Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms+text words (TW); (2) concept 1, MeSH terms+TW; (3) concept 2, MeSH terms+TW; (4) 1 AND 2 AND 3We performed backward citation chasing by reviewing the reference lists of the included records and forward citation chasing of the included records using Google Scholar to ensure a complete selection of studies for the review and that no studies were overlooked [].
Selection of SourcesAll identified records were uploaded to the reference management tool EndNote (version 20; Clarivate Analytics) []. Duplicates were removed, and the remaining records were uploaded to the screening software tool Rayyan (Qatar Computing Research Institute) []. Initially, the review team conducted a pilot test to ensure consensus on including the first 25 records. Next, titles and abstracts were screened, followed by a full-text screening. We contacted the corresponding authors of 6 studies [-] for additional studies or study information to fulfill the study selection process.
The first and second authors discussed the studies during the selection process, and the last author was included in the discussion for agreement on the final included articles.
Data Charting and ItemsA revised charting form from the protocol was used to extract data from the included studies. The data were extracted by the first author, and the extracted data were validated against the eligibility criteria by the second author. The study characteristics and data for each RQ were subsequently extracted.
Analysis and Presentation of ResultsA scoping review intends to provide an overview rather than synthesize data; nevertheless, a basic analytic framework is required to collate, develop, and present a narrative description of the data answering the RQs []. The first 3 phases of the basic qualitative coding framework by Elo and Kyngäs [] were used to consider the level of patient participation according to the taxonomy by Thompson []. In addition, this coding framework was used to identify and clarify barriers and facilitators related to participation in eHealth communication interventions available for patients receiving hemodialysis. Disagreements between the first and second authors were resolved based on consensus through discussion or by including the third author. The reviewer team regularly met during several stages of the review process. The extracted and analyzed data from the included papers were presented in figures and tables along with descriptions that responded to the RQs. The tables were presented according to the distribution of sources of evidence by year of publication, country of origin, hemodialysis context, population, aim, and research methods; type of intervention, association with EHR, type of communication, and level of involvement; facilitators; barriers; and a descriptive summary of the charted results.
Among the 934 records identified through the systematic search, the titles and abstracts of 510 (54.6%) were screened against the eligibility criteria after removing duplicates ( []). The full texts of 1.4% (7/510) of the reports [,-] could not be located. In total, 19.6% (100/510) of full-text articles were reviewed. A total of 7 studies on patients’ role in communicative eHealth interventions for patients receiving hemodialysis and HCPs were included. The updated search showed an increase in the number of published studies in this area over the 2 years since the first systematic search in 2022. The search led to the inclusion of 2 additional studies. A total of 9 studies were included.
Figure 1. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) flow diagram showing the identification of sources from databases and the screening and inclusion processes []. Study CharacteristicsThe 9 studies [,,-] () were published between 2013 and 2023 and were conducted in North America (United States: n=4, 44%; Canada: n=1, 11%), Australia (n=1, 11%), and Europe (United Kingdom: n=3, 33%). The included sources were all peer-reviewed primary studies, and 11% (1/9) of the studies were published as an editorial letter. In total, 56% (5/9) of the studies included participants from only 1 dialysis unit [-], whereas 33% (3/9) of the studies included participants from 2 to 4 dialysis units [,,]. A total of 11% (1/9) of the studies were conducted in the transition from a large dialysis unit to HHD []. The studies were all conducted in a context involving hemodialysis, varying from small satellite units to larger central hospital units.
Table 1. Study characteristics. Information about the authors, year of publication, actual hemodialysis (HD) context and participants, aims, study designs, and methods for the 9 studies.Study and countryHD contextParticipants or population (number, age, and sex)AimStudy design and methodChu et al [], 2023, AustraliaHome dialysis (HD and PDa) and carers34 surveys (HD: 8 patients; PD: 19 patients; 7 carers); 21 interviews with patients (HD: 7; PD: 14; 2 of the interviews were together with carers); aged 49-81 years; both sexesTo explore factors influencing the behaviors and perceptions of patients undergoing home dialysis and their carers regarding telehealth-assisted home visitsA concurrent mixed methods design; a combination of surveys and qualitative, semistructured interviews via telephoneGiles et al [], 2017, United Kingdom4 renal units including different modalities of renal treatment (2 central hospital units and 2 satellite units)Phase 1: 57 participantsb of both sexes aged 34-76 years, including 29 patients (other participants: carers and relatives and HCPsc); phase 2: 34 participantsb aged 18-86 years, including 20 patients (other participants: staff, relatives, and 1 non–English-speaking patient)(1) To explore the feasibility of patients with renal disease, HCPs, and researchers working in partnership to develop a patient-led quality and safety feedback system within an existing EHRd (RPVe); (2) to adapt an existing technology (RPV) to accommodate a patient-led quality and safety feedback system and collect a range of qualitative data from patients and staff to establish the main principles and components of the prototype and assess usabilityQualitative design—an evaluation of the first two phases of an eHealth implementation (1) focus group interviews (separate and combined; patients and staff) and (2) individual interviewsHazara and Bhandari [], 2016, United Kingdom1 renal department69 patients with CKDb,f and 16 patients receiving HD; aged 20-83 years; both sexesTo elucidate why some users of the self-management and education website RPV remain inactiveQuantitative design; paper-based questionnaires, including a free-text boxHudson et al [], 2020, United Kingdom1 HD unit (on the southeast coast)10 adult patients (8 undergoing HD and 2 undergoing transplant)b; median ages of 54 years for HD and 63 years for nonusers of RPV; both sexesTo understand how patients with kidney disease use PatientView in their self‐care practiceQualitative design—ethnography; semistructured interviews and observationJakubowski et al [], 2019, United StatesA single dialysis clinic10 adult patients receiving HD (10 initially participated, and 8 patients completed the study); mean age 58.7 years; both sexesTo pilot the feasibility and acceptability of a technology-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy intervention for patients undergoing HD, share design and implementation lessons learned, and provide preliminary results on changes in selected patient-reported symptomsMixed methods design—a single-center pilot feasibility study; questionnaire combined with open-ended questionsKiberd et al [], 2018, Canada1 multidisciplinary home dialysis clinic; PD and HD41 adult patients (HPDg and HHDh)b provided consent to join the portal. A total of 27 patients (66%) created a web account and joined the portal. At 6 months, 16 patients had completed follow-up, and at 12 months, 10 patients had completed follow-up for the primary outcome. Mean age 57.1 years; both sexes.aPD: peritoneal dialysis.
bMixed population of participants. Patients undergoing hemodialysis were included; however, it was not possible to extract data only from patients receiving hemodialysis.
cHCP: health care professional.
dEHR: electronic health record.
eRPV: Renal Patient View.
fCKD: chronic kidney disease.
gHPD: home peritoneal dialysis.
hHHD: home hemodialysis.
iPatients were initially excluded if they were on dialysis, but certain patients initiated hemodialysis during the course of the study and were followed up on until the study ended (a maximum of 18 months).
The studies involved a total of 422 participants, including others (eg, HCPs or patients with CKD in varying stages). Overall, 67% (6/9) of the studies included 171 adult patients undergoing hemodialysis [,-,]; 22% (2/9) of the studies included 79 patients with CKD, including a nonapplicable fraction of patients receiving hemodialysis [,]; 11% (1/9) of the studies included 55 patients on dialysis in transition between unit and home dialysis []; and 11% (1/9) of the studies included 10 patients on HHD (hemodialysis or PD) []. The extractable distribution of patients undergoing hemodialysis was 208 men and 140 women. The number of participants ranged from 8 [] to 94 []. In total, 11% (1/9) of the studies included older patients with CKD aged >70 years []. A total of 78% (7/9) of the studies explored the experiences of various populations, including patients with diverse stages of CKD [,,,-]. We included these studies because they included patients undergoing hemodialysis, although separating their experiences from those of patients with CKD was not possible. Most of the participants in 33% (3/9) of the studies were undergoing hemodialysis [,,]. Some studies (4/9, 44%) additionally included the experiences of others (caregivers or family) [,,,] and HCPs [,]; nevertheless, the experiences of the patients undergoing hemodialysis were exclusively extracted and separated from the experiences of others. A total of 44% (4/9) of the studies aimed to understand, improve, or provide results on whether patients experienced changes in self-care practices or health-related QOL [,-]. One study elucidated why some users remained inactive []. One study aimed to explore factors influencing the behaviors and perceptions of patients on HHD and their carers regarding telehealth-assisted visits and identify the factors influencing their engagement with telehealth []. The study was guided by the Behavior Change Wheel framework []. One study aimed to evaluate patient experiences with the use of telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic []. One study aimed to evaluate and assess the usability of a patient-led existing technology []. The study designs included qualitative (3/9, 33%) [,,], mixed methods (3/9, 33%) [,,], and quantitative (3/9, 33%) [,,] designs. Data collection methods included focus groups and individual oral interviews or questions (6/9, 67%) [,-,,], written questionnaires (5/9, 56%) [,,,,], and participant observations (1/9, 11%) [].
Types of eHealth Communication Interventions, Associations With EHRs, and Level of Patient ParticipationOverviewA total of 7 eHealth communication interventions were identified. In total, 57% (4/7) were dedicated and named patient portals or eHealth communication platforms: Renal Patient View (RPV), which was investigated in 33% (3/9) of the studies [,,]; RelayHealth []; VitelCare Turtle 500 (Vitel Health) []; and Vidyo []. A total of 43% (3/7) of the interventions were broadly described, unnamed, or general oral video or telehealth consultations [,,] ().
Table 2. eHealth communication interventions. Information about the eHealth communication interventions and their associations with electronic health records (EHRs), possible communication types, and patient participation level [].StudyeHealth communication interventionAssociation with EHRType of communicationLevel of patient participation []aChu et al [], 2023Telehealth-assisted home visits; telephone or videoconference; telehealth system or platform; —b—Synchronous2Giles et al [], 2017An electronic quality and safety feedback system within the web-based patient portal RPVcLink to the EHR for the electronic feedback system; —; yesAsynchronous1Hazara and Bhandari [], 2016RPV, a self-management and education websiteYesAsynchronous1Hudson et al [], 2020PatientView (formerly termed RPV), a patient portalYesAsynchronous1Jakubowski et al [], 2019Vidyo videoconferencing platform—Synchronous and prearranged2Kiberd et al [], 2018RelayHealth (McKesson Canada), a web-based eHealth patient portalYesAsynchronous2Ladin et al [], 2021Telehealth consultations with video and sound—Synchronous and prearranged2Lew et al [], 2023Telehealth consultations, video, and sound via laptop or tablet through a secure video platform—Synchronous and spontaneous2Minatodani and Berman [], 2013VitelCare, a home telehealth monitoring unit with concomitant remote care nurse support—Asynchronous, synchronous, and prearranged2a4=informed decision-making; 3=professional as agent; 2=consultation; 1=information giving; 0=exclusion.
bNot applicable.
cRPV: Renal Patient View.
RPV Patient PortalThis is a patient portal offered for free, initially piloted and implemented in 2004 and intended for use by patients with renal disease under the care of renal physicians in the United Kingdom. RPV is described as a self-management and education website available anywhere with an internet connection using either an internet browser or a dedicated app. Access to the RPV is strictly controlled through usernames and passwords. Patients can authorize access to their accounts by other HCPs involved in their care (eg, general practitioners or community nurses) [].
The intervention was renamed PatientView in 2018 and has been implemented and used by several other diagnostic groups. RPV is a common UK eHealth portal used in 90% of all renal units and has been widely implemented since 2008 []. We were unable to extract specific information on the functionalities of the patient portal. However, information from the RenalView website indicated the following: the portal provides patients with 3 functions—“Manage” (eg, view blood tests with graphs and trends), “Monitor” their health, and “Message” their health care team []. The “Manage” and “Monitor” functions are used by patients, whereas the “Message” function was not clearly described [,,].
RelayHealthThis is a web-based eHealth patient portal that allows patients and HCPs to communicate through a secure, password-protected application. The portal permits the visualization of the messaging histories of the patient and provider. Specialty nurses are trained in portal use. After entering the portal, the patient and home dialysis health care team, which includes nurses, a home dialysis physician, and dieticians, can send messages related to patient care at any time. Messages can be sent between the patient and health care team, including proposed changes to medication, instructions after a clinic visit, upcoming tests, times of new appointments, and questions about care. Messages are electronically stored within the portal, printed, and placed in the patient’s hospital chart to comply with the hospital’s legal standards. Both the patients and the health care team are made aware of new messages through email prompts [].
VitelCare (Vitel Health)This is a home telehealth monitoring unit that is compliant with Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and is broadband enabled []. We were unable to extract information on the monitoring unit from the study. The following information about the intervention is from a previous randomized controlled trial: accessories included a blood pressure monitor, scale, pulse oximeter, glucose monitor, video camera, and headset. The patients captured their health data and answered 10 questions on nondialysis days according to an individualized care plan. Videoconferencing between the patient on hemodialysis and “a remote care nurse” was provided using the video camera and headset at arranged times. A trained remote nurse reviewed all incoming data and contacted the patients and caregivers via telephone if the data were outside the normal range or incomplete, as predetermined in the individual plan. The nurses provided additional technical support [].
VidyoThis is a secure videoconferencing platform used by behavioral therapists for sessions of live 2-way, technology-assisted, video-recorded cognitive behavioral therapy for patients on hemodialysis. Each session lasts 45 to 60 minutes. Patients use a study laptop with headphones and a microphone and connect in real time with therapists over a secure Wi-Fi hot spot. The platform is used for 8 regularly scheduled sessions per patient during regularly scheduled hemodialysis sessions [].
Video or Telehealth Consultations in GeneralThe telehealth platforms used by the participants in 4 nephrology clinics in the United States and Australia were not technically described [,,]. In these studies, telehealth or telemedicine was determined following the World Health Organization’s definition: “...the provision of healthcare services at a distance... conducted between remote healthcare users seeking health services and healthcare providers (client-to-provider telemedicine)” [,]. Telehealth consultations occurred via secure 2-way technology-assisted platforms mediated through mobile phones, PCs, and tablets [].
Association With EHRsThe association between the eHealth interventions and EHRs was inconsistently described in 2 patient portals: RPV and RelayHealth (). The descriptions stated that RPV allowed patients to gain secure access to parts of the EHR [,,]. RPV is a written communication platform, and the study investigated the feedback system; however, it lacked a description of its association with the EHR [,]. The RPV portal provided access to blood test results from patient records []. Patients and HCPs could directly view the EHR. RelayHealth allowed both parties to see the messaging history and provided direct access and linkage to the EHR []. We were unable to extract data on the relationship between the telephone and videoconferencing platforms [,,,] or VitelCare [] and EHRs.
Level of Patient ParticipationThe participative role of patients receiving hemodialysis was variously described in the 9 included studies (). In total, 44% (4/9) of the studies on the 2 patient portals described the possibility for written (email) asynchronous 2-way communication [,,,]. A total of 44% (4/9) of the studies on videoconferencing platforms described the possibility for oral, (partly) preagreed, and synchronous 2-way communication [,,,]. One study described a home telehealth monitoring unit with concomitant remote care nurse support—oral and synchronous 2-way communication at prearranged times []. VitelCare was vaguely described in the included articles. Therefore, we included additional information about VitelCare from the protocol article by Berman et al []—VitelCare also allowed for written, asynchronous communication (eg, email).
In all interventions, patients were involved to varying degrees, depending on the degree of patient involvement, based on our chosen taxonomy []. Patients were involved at level 1 (“information giving”) in 33% (3/9) of the studies [,,]. This 33% (3/9) of the studies examined the RPV patient portal; however, they examined different populations at different periods and had different aims in examining the experience of patients with CKD regarding RPV use [,,]. Therefore, they highlighted different relevant patient experiences. In total, 56% (5/9) of the studies [,,,,] involved patients at level 2 (“consultation”), and 11% (1/9) of the studies [] involved patients engaged in both asynchronous and synchronous communication, rated as level 2.
Facilitators of and Barriers to Patient Participation in eHealth Communication InterventionsOverviewWe were able to identify the facilitators of patient participation in all the included studies () and the barriers to patient participation in 67% (6/9) of the studies [,,,,,] ().
Table 3. Facilitators to patient participation. The 4 categories are availability of and access to information; security, trust, and confidence; patient knowledge of their health situation; and preparedness for the future health situation and be able to talk about it with significant othersStudy4 overarching categories of facilitatorsaNot applicable.
bHCP: health care professional.
cRPV: Renal Patient View.
Table 4. Barriers to patient participation. The 4 categories are unavailability of and challenging access to information, mistrust and unsafety, challenges in knowing their health situation and self-care, and relational challenges.Study4 overarching categories of barriersaNot applicable.
bHCP: health care professional.
FacilitatorsThe first facilitator () was related to availability of and access to the intervention and included easy access to computers and 1-click access, support for log-in problems, and less costly and more efficient use. The second facilitator was related to security and confidence and included being confident that the feedback went to the right person, feeling confident about reporting, discretion (eg, a separate room), and reducing infection risk. The third facilitator addressed patient knowledge of their health situation, including checking blood test results, self-awareness of health, and the availability of the patient portal during travel. This facilitator also included self-care skills, such as translating information into practice, one-to-one talks, and gaining a sense of control. The fourth facilitator addressed preparedness related to changes in health situations and skills in relation to others, family and friends, and HCPs.
BarriersThe first barrier () addressed the challenges regarding the availability of and access to the intervention and included physical challenges such as hearing, understanding the language and body language, lack of access to computers or the internet, loss of log-in credentials, and lack of a private place. The second barrier was related to mistrust and unsafety and included worries that personal information may be seen by others, concerns about staff repercussions if the patient made a negative report, the perception that the information would not be dealt with, and worries that a clinician’s diagnosis would be challenging to trust when patients and physicians do not physically meet. The third barrier concerned knowledge of the health situation and self-care and included a desire to forget about dialysis at home; anxiety about seeing the measured blood pressure on the web would lead; difficulty measuring blood pressure at home; and feeling too sick, weak, or tired. The fourth barrier addressed the relational challenges for people undergoing hemodialysis concerning other people (eg, HCPs and family members). In addition, it addressed that HCPs lacking will or training in facilitating telehealth consultations negatively impacted their use for the patients. The results indicated preferences for face-to-face contact for feedback, lack of support from relatives, a feeling that the intervention did not add anything to the patient’s existing relationship with the HCP, and hearing loss and loss of face mimics causing challenges in web-based communication.
This scoping review aimed to identify and map the available evidence on patient participation in eHealth communication interventions. We identified 4 specific patient portals or conferencing platforms and 3 nonspecified digital audio or video solutions used in eHealth consultations, all used and evaluated through various study designs involving patients undergoing hemodialysis. We found that eHealth communication intervention types were inadequately described, including their link to the EHR. The level of patient participation was predominantly low. Key barriers to participation included unavailability of and limited access to information, mistrust and feelings of insecurity, lack of knowledge about their health situation and self-care, and relational challenges. Conversely, key facilitators of participation were availability of and access to information; security, trust, and confidence; patients’ knowledge of their health situation and use for self-care; and preparedness for future health events and explain situation to significant others.
Few Possibilities for Patient-Oriented or Customized Digital Communication and Lack of 2-Way Visibility of Information in EHRsWe only identified 4 specified eHealth communication interventions; nevertheless, the small number of interventions provided different opportunities, both asynchronous and synchronous, for 2-way communication. The lack of description of the interventions’ concrete opportunities for 2-way communication obscured the participative role of patients undergoing hemodialysis in digital communication. Only Minatodani and Berman [] described how the monitoring unit offered both asynchronous and synchronous communication; however, they only vaguely described the functionality without a link to the EHR. No further descriptions were found for the 7 included interventions, and the combined possibility for asynchronous and synchronous communication contributed minimally to modeling future 2-way eHealth communication interventions. Therefore, further research is required in this area that aligns well with the general literature on the subject as a complex eHealth landscape [].
The patients’ low participative role, as evidenced by their hesitation to use or be consistent users of eHealth interventions, may be attributed to a perception of digital interventions as complex, as indicated by our barrier analysis. Regarding barriers, we found that both technical challenges and mistrust may contribute to preventing patients undergoing hemodialysis from using eHealth interventions. This is in line with the experience of patients with CKD who initially had access to but did not persist in using their patient portal []. Communication must be patient centered to be therapeutic []. Communication can result in a more collaborative relationship between patients and HCPs in which the patients’ voice is heard and respected. Our results show that patients undergoing hemodialysis desire a therapeutic and collaborative relationship with their HCPs, and we found no reason to assume that the same desire does not apply to digital communication. Patients may feel disempowered and unheard if patient-centeredness is not adopted in digital communication with HCPs. This can lead to a breakdown in trust and a less collaborative patient-provider relationship.
To overcome the barriers to patient participation at a level higher than that identified in this review [], we propose that patients undergoing hemodialysis need to feel safer using eHealth communication interventions. Communication misunderstandings have been documented as a major safety risk for patient harm in renal units [], and patients require reassurance, education, and ongoing support to view eHealth interventions as an aid to improve communication. Developing a culture of patient safety demands multifaceted efforts; nevertheless, the responsibility to systematically ensure patient safety falls on HCPs and the health organization [,]. In addition, patients must find it more meaningful to use eHealth communication interventions and should view the interventions as a modality in addition to or aligned with their existing physical relationship with their HCP. A relational barrier to patient participation in eHealth communication was “...a feeling that the intervention did not add anything to the member’s existing relationship with HCP” []. Thus, the few interventions that offered asynchronous digital communication, such as email correspondence, offered patients minimal opportunities for higher levels of participation []. An example of dissatisfaction with 1-way communication is the desire of patients undergoing hemodialysis for 2-way communication and feedback on their ePROMs, highlighting their desire for communication and relationships with HCPs [,]. This desire for 2-way communication has also been documented in general
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