Ungaro R, Mehandru S, Allen PB, et al. Ulcerative colitis. Lancet. 2017;389:1756–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vavricka SR, Brun L, Ballabeni P, et al. Frequency and risk factors for extraintestinal manifestations in the Swiss inflammatory bowel disease cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:110–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mahajna H, Verstockt B, Bergemalm D, et al. Idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura associated with inflammatory bowel disease: a multicentre ECCO CONFER case series. J Crohns Colitis. 2023;17:722–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schroeder KW, Tremaine WJ, Ilstrup DM. Coated oral 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. A randomized study. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1625–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chandra S, Finn S, Obah E. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura in ulcerative colitis: a case report and systematic review. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2014. https://doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v4.23386.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Higuchi LM, Joffe S, Neufeld EJ, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease associated with immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;33:582–7.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Funato M, Fukao T, Sasai H, et al. Successful treatment of pediatric immune thrombocytopenic purpura associated with ulcerative colitis. Pediatr Int. 2011;53:771–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kawakubo M, Tokunaga T, Kobari S, et al. A case of ulcerative colitis with preexisting idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi. 2008;105:1055–60.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neunert C, Terrell DR, Arnold DM, et al. American Society of Hematology 2019 guidelines for immune thrombocytopenia. Blood Adv. 2019;3:3829–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kashiwagi H, Kuwana M, Hato T, et al. Reference guide for management of adult immune thrombocytopenia in Japan: 2019 Revision. Int J Hematol. 2020;111:329–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Feuerstein JD, Isaacs KL, Schneider Y, et al. AGA clinical practice guidelines on the management of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2020;158:1450–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iwasa T, Nakamura K, Ihara E, et al. The effective treatment with cyclosporine of a ulcerative colitis patient with concurrent idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura who subsequently developed spontaneous pneumomediastinum. Intern Med. 2017;56:1331–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Etou T, Iizuka M, Ohshima A, et al. Ulcerative colitis accompanied by idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and Helicobacter pylori infection. Intern Med. 2013;52:547–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kohda K, Kuga T, Kogawa K, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on platelet recovery in Japanese patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and secondary autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol. 2002;118:584–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kawamoto Y, Sakakibara Y, Ishida H, et al. A case of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura development after total colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi. 2020;117:1073–80.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ono S, Kamoshida T, Ochiai T, et al. A case of ulcerative colitis with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Prog Dig Endosc. 2006;68:136–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Miyamoto M, Kono T, Onuma S, et al. A case of ulcerative colitis with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Nihon Rinsho Geka Gakkai Zasshi. 2006;67:1824–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ozawa N, Tomizawa N. A case of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura with ulcerative colitis. J Abdom Emerg Med. 2016;36:953–6.

Google Scholar 

Queliza K, Ihekweazu FD, Ali A, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and immune thrombocytopenic purpura: combined immune dysregulation in an adolescent. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2017;47:226–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mares WGN, Gerver J, Masclee AAM, et al. Anti-TNF treatment of ulcerative colitis associated with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17:864–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ye X, Zhang L, Wang H, et al. The role of IL-23/Th17 pathway in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. PLoS ONE. 2015;10: e0117704.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li Q, Yang M, Xia R, et al. Elevated expression of IL-12 and IL-23 in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Platelets. 2015;26:453–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Renna S, Mocciaro F, Ventimiglia M, et al. A real life comparison of the effectiveness of adalimumab and golimumab in moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis, supported by propensity score analysis. Dig Liver Dis. 2018;50:1292–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garabatos N, Santamaria P. Gut microbial antigenic mimicry in autoimmunity. Front Immunol. 2022;13: 873607.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yuki N. Carbohydrate mimicry: a new paradigm of autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Immunol. 2005;17:577–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Latov N. Campylobacter jejuni infection, anti-ganglioside antibodies, and neuropathy. Microorganisms. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112139.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Klaasen HL, Van der Heijden PJ, Stok W, et al. Apathogenic, intestinal, segmented, filamentous bacteria stimulate the mucosal immune system of mice. Infect Immun. 1993;61:303–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gutzeit C, Magri G, Cerutti A. Intestinal IgA production and its role in host-microbe interaction. Immunol Rev. 2014;260:76–85.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Castro-Dopico T, Dennison TW, Ferdinand JR, et al. Anti-commensal IgG drives intestinal inflammation and type 17 immunity in ulcerative colitis. Immunity. 2019;50:1099-1114.e10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Uzzan M, Martin JC, Mesin L, et al. Ulcerative colitis is characterized by a plasmablast-skewed humoral response associated with disease activity. Nat Med. 2022;28:766–79.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Uo M, Hisamatsu T, Miyoshi J, et al. Mucosal CXCR4+ IgG plasma cells contribute to the pathogenesis of human ulcerative colitis through FcγR-mediated CD14 macrophage activation. Gut. 2013;62:1734–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gilliland A, Chan JJ, De Wolfe TJ, et al. Pathobionts in inflammatory bowel disease: origins, underlying mechanisms, and implications for clinical care. Gastroenterology. 2024;166:44–58.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roeser A, Lazarus AH, Mahévas M. B cells and antibodies in refractory immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol. 2023;203:43–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed