We would like to acknowledge the work of many contributors to this study and manuscript, including all the study investigators who made this trial possible. We would also like to acknowledge Genesis Research, LLC for their work in deriving Charlson Comorbidity Index scores. Finally, we are indebted to all the patients who participated in ECOSPOR III and ECOSPOR IV.

ECOSPOR III and IV Investigators: Anmar Hemaidan, Bharat Misra, Richard Nathan, Hien Nguyen, John Pullman, Jeffrey Williams, Idalia Acosta, Huy Tran, Kent Smith, Leonard Weinstock, Val Hansen, Michael Georgetson, Aasim Sheikh, Julia Garcia-Diaz, Calin Arimie, Gladys Andrade, Steven O’Marro, Tuba Esfandyari, Timothy Ritter, Ian Mcnicol Baird, Ronald Colman, Meenakshi Patel, Lilliam Hernandez, Atoya Adams, Marie Walton, Razvan Arsenescu, Max Shapiro, Marvin Heuer, Tatiana Bogdanovich, Doria Grimard, Theodore Steiner, Debra Butt, Peter Daley, Stephanie Gauthier, Chantal Guimont, Leonard Weinstock, Michael Kreines, Larry Berman, Michael Bennett, Ronald Fogel, Juan Carlos Moises Gutierrez, Peder Pedersen, Adam Bressler, Venkatesh Nadar, Eric Newton, Jorge Diaz, Jalal Abbas, Herbert DuPont, Aamir Jamal, Neetu Talreja, Sabrina Benjamin, Kamran Ayub, Godson Oguchi, Jose Pinero, Gowrappala Ramesh, Paul Sepe, Loren Brook, Frederick Ruthardt, Lindsey Surace, Ayub Hussain, Travis Rutland, Michael Schmalz, Gourisankar Degala, Raymond Phillips, Kent Stock, Jeffrey Bullock, Kenolisa Onwueme, Kenneth Johnson, Suzy Kim, Edward Portnoy, Scott Wofford, John Gancayco, Yoav Golan, Charles Barish, JeanMarie Houghton, Benton Oubre, Zeid Kayali, Magued Beshay, John Curran, Issa Ephtimios, Michael Tan, Angelo Coppola, Syed Naqvi, Richard Caradonna, Subhash Gumber, Sebastian Stanciu, Keith Friedenberg, Satinder Gill, Jaynier Moya, Olayemi Osiyemi, Jerry Stern, Alfred Bacon, Matthew Hall, Gail Hecht, Tariq Mehmood, James Haaksma, Lucky Flores, Brian Behm, Jeffrey Garber, Thomas Welton, James Welker, Alex Sherman, Charles Okolo, Ravish Parekh, Richard Black, Peter Higgins, Patricia Henry, Alexander Dela Llana, Shalini Katikaneni, Sanjeev Kumar, Raymond Mason, Jennifer Vincent, Ghassan Hadi, Mark Kogan, Ifzal Bangash, Robert Orr, Saad Jazrawi, Michael Galambos, Robert Jaeger, Rizwana Thanawala, Magued Beshay, John Curran, Ernest Hendrix, Matthew Parker, Mohammed Mazen Jamal, Ralf Gebhard, Sadia Dar, Bruce Branin, Rodolfo Hanabergh, Syed Nasir Husain, Govinda Lohani, Shatishkumar Patel, Mousab Tabbaa, Teresa Alfonso, Anubha Gupta, Antonio Terrelonge, Satish Rao, Debra Powell, Robert Brennan, Allan G. Coates, Andrew Gentry, Jason Wilson, Shiwali Rai, Kenneth Boren, Chandar Singaram, Todd B. Ellerin, Myung Choi, David Dulitz, Emil Valle, Atsushi Skuraba, John De Beixedon, Diane Carbonneau, Bruce Musgrave, Zahid N. Zafar, Pradeep Kumar Bekal, Eliot Godofsky, Harry Sarles, Yaneicy Gonzalez-Rojas, Miguel E. Trevino, Ahmed A. Arif, Chad M. Gonzales, Maria Cubillas, Agadasah Kuliev, Vivaik Tyagi, George Dickstein, Rukan Daccak, Roberto Fernandez, Ankur A. Doshi, Kofi W. Nauako, Sushma V. Gorrela, Babatunde Adeyafa, Harold G. Preiksaitis, James A. Maher, Eugene F. Yen, Najwa El-Nachef, Larry E. Clark, John Hong, Naval Parikh, Juan Sarol, Syed M. Rehman, John M. Joseph, Markian R. Bochan, Marco Zahedi, Patricial Salvato, Dhaval Patel, Feliz P. Tiongco, Shari E. Rozen.