V. Parcha, B. Heindl, R. Kalra et al. Insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk profile among nondiabetic American young adults: insights from NHANES. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 107(1), e25–e37 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab645

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

J.C. Brown, M.O. Harhay, M.N. Harhay, The value of anthropometric measures in nutrition and metabolism: comment on anthropometrically predicted visceral adipose tissue and blood-based biomarkers: a cross-sectional analysis. Nutr. Metab. Insights. 12, 1–3 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1177/1178638819831712

Article  Google Scholar 

C.F. Deacon. Physiology and pharmacology of DPP-4 in glucose homeostasis and the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Front. Endocrinol. 10, 80 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00080

Article  Google Scholar 

B. Mlinar, J. Marc, A. Janež et al. Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance and associated diseases. Clin. Chim. Acta. 375(1-2), 20–35 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2006.07.005

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Z. Wang, J. Xie, J. Wang et al. Association Between a Novel Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance and Mortality in People With Diabetes. Front. cardiovasc. Med. 9, 895609 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.895609

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

H. Yaribeygi, F.R. Farrokhi, A.E. Butler et al. Insulin resistance: Review of the underlying molecular mechanisms. J. Cell. Physiol. 234(6), 8152–8161 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.27603

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

M. Gutch, S. Kumar, S.M. Razi et al. Assessment of insulin sensitivity/resistance. Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab. 19(1), 160–164 (2015). https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.146874

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

R.A. DeFronzo, J.D. Tobin, R. Andres, Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 237(3), e214-–e2223 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1979.237.3.E214

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

D.R. Matthews, J.P. Hosker, A.S. Rudenski et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28(7), 412–419 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00280883

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

J.K. Chiang, N.S. Lai, J.K. Chang et al. Predicting insulin resistance using the triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in Taiwanese adults. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 10, 1–6 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-10-93

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

X. Ding, X. Wang, J. Wu et al. Triglyceride–glucose index and the incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 20(1), 1–13 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-021-01268-9

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

L.E. Simental-Mendía, M. Rodríguez-Morán, F. Guerrero-Romero, The product of fasting glucose and triglycerides as surrogate for identifying insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects. Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord. 6(4), 299–304 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2008.0034

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O.Y. Bello-Chavolla, P. Almeda-Valdes, D. Gomez-Velasco et al. METS-IR, a novel score to evaluate insulin sensitivity, is predictive of visceral adiposity and incident type 2 diabetes. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 178(5), 533–544 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-17-0883

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

I.M. Vladu, M. Forțofoiu, D. Clenciu et al. Insulin resistance quantified by the value of HOMA‑IR and cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Exp Ther Med 23(1), 73 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10996

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

G. Penno, A. Solini, E. Orsi et al. Insulin resistance, diabetic kidney disease, and all-cause mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study. BMC Med 19(1), 66 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-021-01936-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

E.J. Rhee, Y. Chang, C.I. Sohn et al. Impact of systemic inflammation on the relationship between insulin resistance and all-cause and cancer-related mortality. Metab 81, 52–62 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.014

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

K.J. Ausk, E.J. Boyko, G.N. Ioannou, Insulin resistance predicts mortality in nondiabetic individuals in the US. Diabetes care 33(6), 1179–1185 (2010). https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-2110

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

K.S. Kim, Y.M. Lee, I.K. Lee et al. Paradoxical associations of insulin resistance with total and cardiovascular mortality in humans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 70(7), 847–853 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glu194

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

P. Welsh, D. Preiss, S.M. Lloyd et al. Contrasting associations of insulin resistance with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in the elderly: PROSPER long-term follow-up. Diabetologia 57(12), 2513–2520 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-014-3383-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

S. Erqou, A.I. Adler, A.A. Challa et al. Insulin resistance and incident heart failure: a meta‐analysis. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 24(6), 1139 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.2531

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

P.M. Heck, D.P. Dutka, Insulin resistance and heart failure. Curr. Heart Fail. Rep. 6(2), 89–94 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11897-009-0014-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

O. Vardeny, D.K. Gupta, B. Claggett et al. Insulin resistance and incident heart failure. the ARIC study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities). J Am Coll Cardiol HF. 1(6), 531–536 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2013.07.006

Article  Google Scholar 

C.D. Yang, W.Q. Pan, S. Feng et al. Insulin Resistance Is Associated with Heart Failure with Recovered Ejection Fraction in Patients without Diabetes. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 11(19), e026184 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.122.026184

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

A.R. Aroor, C.H. Mandavia, J.R. Sowers, Insulin resistance and heart failure: molecular mechanisms. Heart Fail Clin 8(4), 609–617 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2012.06.005

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

A.K. Poon, M.L. Meyer, H. Tanaka et al. Association of insulin resistance, from mid-life to late-life, with aortic stiffness in late-life: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 19(1), 1–9 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-020-0986-y

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

J.B. Echouffo-Tcheugui, S. Zhang, R. Florido et al. Duration of diabetes and incident heart failure: the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study. Heart Fail. 9(8), 594–603 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2021.06.005

Article  Google Scholar 

M.R. Rooney, O. Tang, J.S. Pankow et al. Glycaemic markers and all-cause mortality in older adults with and without diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Diabetologia 64(2), 339–348 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05285-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

K.P. Gabriel, M.E. Griswold, W. Wang et al. Physical activity trajectories and subsequent fall risk: ARIC Study. Prev. Med. 121, 40–46 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.02.007

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

S.S. Virani, A. Brautbar, B.C. Davis et al. Associations between lipoprotein (a) levels and cardiovascular outcomes in black and white subjects: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation 125(2), 241–249 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.045120

Article  CAS  PubMed