Berg, A. T. et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005-2009. Epilepsia 51, 676–685 (2010).
Scheffer, I. E. et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia 58, 512–521 (2017). This is the first major revision of the International League Against Epilepsy Classification of the Epilepsies in almost three decades in which the term ‘developmental and epileptic encephalopathies’ was introduced and defined.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Poke, G., Stanley, J., Scheffer, I. E. & Sadleir, L. G. Epidemiology of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy and of intellectual disability and epilepsy in children. Neurology 100, e1363–e1375 (2023). This is the key epidemiology study of all DEEs with onset prior to 16 years of age, highlighting that DEEs have a cumulative incidence of 1 in 590 children and providing the cumulative incidence for several DEE syndromes.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wirrell, E. C. et al. Methodology for classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with list of syndromes: report of the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia 63, 1333–1348 (2022).
Lennox, W. G. The petit mal epilepsies; their treatment with tridione. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 129, 1069–1074 (1945).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gastaut, H. et al. Childhood epileptic encephalopathy with diffuse slow spike-waves (otherwise known as “petit mal variant”) or Lennox syndrome. Epilepsia 7, 139–179 (1966).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Specchio, N. et al. International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in childhood: position paper by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia 63, 1398–1442 (2022). This is one of four papers officially defining epilepsy syndromes for the International League Against Epilepsy and focuses on syndromes beginning in childhood and includes DEEs.
Howell, K. B. et al. The severe epilepsy syndromes of infancy: a population-based study. Epilepsia 62, 358–370 (2021).
Symonds, J. D. et al. Early childhood epilepsies: epidemiology, classification, aetiology, and socio-economic determinants. Brain 144, 2879–2891 (2021).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zuberi, S. M. et al. ILAE classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in neonates and infants: position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia 63, 1349–1397 (2022). This is one of four papers officially defining epilepsy syndromes for the International League Against Epilepsy and focuses on syndromes beginning in the newborn and infantile periods and includes DEEs.
Riney, K. et al. International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset at a variable age: position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions. Epilepsia 63, 1443–1474 (2022).
Li, W., Schneider, A. L. & Scheffer, I. E. Defining Dravet syndrome: an essential pre-requisite for precision medicine trials. Epilepsia 62, 2205–2217 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Symonds, J. D. et al. Incidence and phenotypes of childhood-onset genetic epilepsies: a prospective population-based national cohort. Brain 142, 2303–2318 (2019). This Scottish epidemiological study provides the incidence and phenotypes of seizure disorders with onset under 3 years of age.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Elkhateeb, N. et al. The clinical and genetic landscape of developmental and epileptic encephalopathies in Egyptian children. Clin. Genet. 105, 510–522 (2024).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Surana, P. et al. Infantile spasms: etiology, lead time and treatment response in a resource limited setting. Epilepsy Behav. Rep. 14, 100397 (2020).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Raga, S. V., Essajee, F., Solomons, R., Van Toorn, R. & Wilmshurst, J. M. Epileptic spasms: a South African overview of aetiologies, interventions, and outcomes. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 65, 526–533 (2023).
Nashef, L., So, E. L., Ryvlin, P. & Tomson, T. Unifying the definitions of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Epilepsia 53, 227–233 (2012).
Myers, K. A. et al. Fatal cerebral edema with status epilepticus in children with Dravet syndrome: report of 5 cases. Pediatrics 139, e20161933 (2017).
Donnan, A. M., Schneider, A. L., Russ-Hall, S., Churilov, L. & Scheffer, I. E. Rates of status epilepticus and sudden unexplained death in epilepsy in people with genetic developmental and epileptic encephalopathies. Neurology 100, e1712–e1722 (2023). This study examined the frequency of convulsive and non-convulsive status epilepticus and mortality rates in different genetic DEEs, informing counselling of families, diagnosis and clinical management.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Akiyama, M., Kobayashi, K., Yoshinaga, H. & Ohtsuka, Y. A long-term follow-up study of Dravet syndrome up to adulthood. Epilepsia 51, 1043–1052 (2010).
Myers, K. A. et al. Heart rate variability in epilepsy: a potential biomarker of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy risk. Epilepsia 59, 1372–1380 (2018).
Steinlein, O. K. et al. A missense mutation in the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α4 subunit is associated with autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Nat. Genet. 11, 201–203 (1995).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Biervert, C. et al. A potassium channel mutation in neonatal human epilepsy. Science 279, 403–406 (1998).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Singh, N. A. et al. A novel potassium channel gene, KCNQ2, is mutated in an inherited epilepsy of newborns. Nat. Genet. 18, 25–29 (1998).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wallace, R. H. et al. Febrile seizures and generalized epilepsy associated with a mutation in the Na+-channel β1 subunit gene SCN1B. Nat. Genet. 19, 366–370 (1998).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Oliver, K. L. et al. Genes4Epilepsy: an epilepsy gene resource. Epilepsia 64, 1368–1375 (2023). This study identified 926 known monogenic epilepsy genes in 2023 and showed that 825 genes were associated with DEEs; since publication, >1,000 genes have been listed on the publicly accessible database.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dravet C. et al. in Epileptic Syndromes in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence 6th edn (eds Bureau, M. et al.) 139–171 (Libbey Eurotext, 2019).
Zhang, Y. H. et al. Genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus: refining the spectrum. Neurology 89, 1210–1219 (2017).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sun, Y. et al. A deleterious Nav1.1 mutation selectively impairs telencephalic inhibitory neurons derived from Dravet syndrome patients. eLife 5, e13073 (2016).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kaneko, K. et al. Developmentally regulated impairment of parvalbumin interneuron synaptic transmission in an experimental model of Dravet syndrome. Cell Rep. 38, 110580 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rodda, J. M., Scheffer, I. E., McMahon, J. M., Berkovic, S. F. & Graham, H. K. Progressive gait deterioration in adolescents with Dravet syndrome. Arch. Neurol. 69, 873–878 (2012).
Sadleir, L. G. et al. Not all SCN1A epileptic encephalopathies are Dravet syndrome: early profound Thr226Met phenotype. Neurology 89, 1035–1042 (2017).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Brunklaus, A. et al. The gain of function SCN1A disorder spectrum: novel epilepsy phenotypes and therapeutic implications. Brain 145, 3816–3831 (2022). This study expands the spectrum of SCN1A DEEs associated wit
留言 (0)