In the community sample answering the violence SJT (N = 418Footnote 1), 43.1% of respondents chose the option “Stay at home as much as possible”, 21.3% answered “Regularly attend meetings to understand risks”, 18.4% “Work with PRCS CBHFA volunteer to learn about violence prevention”, and 17.2% “Try to stay safe but do not take any exaggerated precautions” (the best answer according to our coding and agreement with PRCS).

There were differences in answer patterns according to the age of respondents, and Kruskal-Wallis test shows the difference is significant, H (3) = 24.02, p < .001. Results are presented in Fig. 1. It is apparent that answers from the oldest groups are more frequently “stay at home”, compared to youngest who, comparatively, try more to “stay safe without taking any exaggerated precautions”. Pairwise comparisons with adjustedFootnote 2 p-values show that the difference between the youngest group and each of the two oldest groups are significant (ps < 0.003, rs > 0.24). All effect sizes are reported in the Appendix.

Violence situational judgement test answers according to age in the community sample, January-February 2023, Westbank region, occupied Palestinian territories Note. PRCS CBHFA = Palestine Red Crescent Society Community-Based Health and First Aid

There was no significant difference in answers according to gender, U = 20366.50, z = 0.083, p = .934. Answers varied according to governorate, H (2) = 11.84, p = .003. Figure 2 shows that answers from respondents from the Central governorate/West Bank/Jerusalem were more frequently “stay home”, compared to answers of respondents from Bethlehem and Hebron. Adjusted p-values indicate that these differences are significant (ps < 0.016, rs > − 0.15), but not Hebron compared to Bethlehem (p = .904).

Violence situational judgement test answers according to governorate in the community sample, January-February 2023, Westbank region, occupied Palestinian territories Note. PRCS CBHFA = Palestine Red Crescent Society Community-Based Health and First Aid

Answers to the violence SJT also differed according to disability level, U = 10208.00, z = -2.68, p = .007, r = − .13. Figure 3 indicates that respondents with disabilities (defined as having more than one domain of the scale with difficulties) answered more frequently staying at home as much as possible to manage stress related to violence, compared to respondents with no disabilities (one domain or less with difficulties).

Violence situational judgement test answers according to disability level in the community sample, January-February 2023, Westbank region, occupied Palestinian territories Note PRCS CBHFA = Palestine Red Crescent Society Community-Based Health and First Aid

In the volunteer sample answering the violence SJT (N = 166), 16.9% of respondents chose the option “Stay at home as much as possible”, 30.7% chose the answer “Regularly attend meetings to understand risks”, 42.2% answered “Work with PRCS CBHFA volunteer to learn about violence prevention”, and 10.2% “Try to stay safe but do not take any exaggerated precautions”.

There were no differences in answer patterns according to the age of the volunteers, H (3) = 5.83, p = .120, neither according to their gender, U = 2621.00, z = 1.17, p = .243, nor governorate, H (2) = 0.76, p = .686, and disability, U = 1151.50, z = -1.32, p = .188.

In the community sample answering the road safety SJT (N = 625), 8.3% of respondents chose the option “Tell your sons that they should not drive like you do”, 24.3% answered “Forbid your sons from driving with their friends”, 6.4% “Allow them to drive the family car only when you are with them”, 25.8% “Work with your PRCS CBHFA volunteer to lead youth sessions about road safety”, and 35.2% “Teach them the correct practices” (the best answer according to our coding and PRCS inputs).

There were no differences in answer patterns according to the age of the respondents, H (3) = 2.84, p = .418, neither according to gender, U = 47515.50, z = 1.08, p = .280. Answers varied according to governorate, H (2) = 8.08, p = .018. Figure 4 shows that community members from Central/West Bank/Jerusalem answered more frequently to teach the correct practices to their children, while community members from Bethlehem answered more frequently to work with PRCS CBHFA volunteers. Adjusted p-values from pairwise comparisons show that Bethlehem answers differ from Hebron, p = .04, r = − .13, and Bethlehem also differ from Central/West Bank/Jerusalem, p = .016, r = − .15, but Hebron does not differ from Central/West Bank/Jerusalem, p = 1.00.

Road situational judgement test answers according to governorate in the community sample, January-February 2023, Westbank region, occupied Palestinian territories Note. PRCS CBHFA = Palestine Red Crescent Society Community-Based Health and First Aid

Answers to this SJT in the community did not vary according to disability level, U = 29963.00, z = -0.42, p = .675.

Among interviewed volunteers (N = 181), 3.9% chose the option “Tell them every day that they must be safe”, 10.5% answered “Forbid your sons from driving with their friends”, 29.3% “Allow them to drive the family car only when you are with them”, 39.8% “Work with your PRCS CBHFA volunteer to lead youth sessions about road safety”, and 16.6% “Teach them the correct practices”.

There were no differences in answer patterns according to the age of the volunteers, H (3) = 5. 24, p = .144, neither between male nor female respondents, U = 2558.50, z = -0.39, p = .697. Answers did not vary according to governorate, H (2) = 4.58, p = .101, nor disability level, U = 1236.50, z = -1.78, p = .076.

In the community sample answering the waste SJT (N = 231), 14.3% of respondents chose the option “Simply stack up the rubbish until the garbage collectors do come”, 9.5% answered “Give small bags of trash to different household members to get rid of each week wherever they can”, 36.8% “Watch out for vermin in the rubbish stacked up”, 29.9% “Discuss with your PRCS CBHFA volunteer about possibilities to reduce the waste problem”, and 9.5% “Throw the compostable waste into a bin for your garden” (the best answer according to our coding and PRCS inputs).

Answers to this SJT varied according to the age of the respondent, H (3) = 8.10, p = .044. As visible in Fig. 5, the youngest group provides more often than older respondents the answer of doing home composting. Adjusted p-values of pairwise comparisons show that the comparison between the youngest and the oldest group misses the significance threshold (p = .051). All other comparisons are non-significant (ps > .233).

Waste situational judgement test answers according to age in the community sample, January-February 2023, Westbank region, occupied Palestinian territories Note. PRCS CBHFA = Palestine Red Crescent Society Community-Based Health and First Aid

No significant difference was observed between gender, U = 5918.00, z = -0.55, p = .585. However, significant difference was found across governorates, H (2) = 47.74, p < .001. Figure 6 presents the pattern of response. It is visible that respondents from Bethlehem are the ones most frequently answering “discuss with PRCS CBHFA volunteer”, while respondents from Central governorate provide answers on the lower end of the scale. All comparisons are statistically significant, Central/West Bank/Jerusalem vs. Hebron, p < .001, r = − .33; Central/West Bank/Jerusalem vs. Bethlehem, p < .001, r = .61; Hebron vs. Bethlehem, p = .001, r = .29.

Waste situational judgement test answers according to governorate in the community sample, January-February 2023, Westbank region, occupied Palestinian territories Note. PRCS CBHFA = Palestine Red Crescent Society Community-Based Health and First Aid

No difference emerged for this SJT according to disability level, U = 3649.00, z = 0.39, p = .69.

In the volunteers sample answering the waste SJT (N = 117), 8.5% of respondents chose the option “Simply stack up the rubbish until the garbage collectors do come”, 12.8% answered “Give small bags of trash to different household members to get rid of each week wherever they can”, 27.4% “Watch out for vermin in the rubbish stacked up”, 46.2% “Discuss with your PRCS CBHFA volunteer about possibilities to reduce the waste problem”, and 5.1% “Throw the compostable waste into a bin for your garden”.

There were no differences in answer patterns according to the age of the volunteers, H (3) = 6.30, p = .098, neither between male and female respondents, U = 1043.50, z = -1.18, p = .237. Answers did vary according to governorate, H (2) = 24.44, p < .001. Results are presented in Fig. 7. The two comparisons that are statistically significant are Central vs. Bethlehem, p < .001, r = .59, and Central vs. Hebron, p = .001, r = − .36. The comparison between Hebron and Bethlehem is not significant, p = .104. No difference emerged according to disability level, U = 597.50, z = 0.14, p = .885.

Waste situational judgement test answers according to governorate in the volunteer sample, January-February 2023, Westbank region, occupied Palestinian territories Note. PRCS CBHFA = Palestine Red Crescent Society Community-Based Health and First Aid

Because the response option mentioning PRCS could have led to more social desirability than the other ones, we conducted sensitivity analysis without this response option to test if differences emerged when testing patterns according to socio-demographic variables (age, gender), governorate and disability level.

No difference in what was statistically significant or not emerged for the road SJT analysis on the community sample.

For the waste SJT in the community sample, the age difference that was significant in the main analysis became non-significant when removing the option mentioning PRCS, H (3) = 2.49, p = .478. The other effects did not change (i.e., gender and disability level’s effects remained non-significant, and differences across governorate remained significant).

For the violence SJT in the community sample, all effects remained the same (i.e., age and governorate remained significant and gender remained non-significant) in the sensitivity analysis except for disability level. The disability level effect became non-significant (although it remained close from the significance threshold) in the sensitivity analysis, U = 7849.00, z = -1.88, p = .061.

For the road SJT, no difference emerged in sensitivity analysis for age, gender or governorate. However, the effect of disability became significant, U = 403.00, z = -2.23, p = .026, r = − .21. As presented in Fig. 8, respondents with more than one domain with difficulties were more likely to answer to forbid their sons from driving with friends and tell them every day that they must be safe, and less likely to allow them to drive only when being with them and teach them the correct practices.

Road situational judgement test answers according to disability in the volunteers sample – sensitivity analysis, January-February 2023, Westbank region, occupied Palestinian territories

For the waste SJT, all effects remained similar to the main analysis (i.e., age, gender and disability remained non-significant, and governorate remained significant). Thus, there is no change in conclusion with sensitivity analysis for this SJT.

For the violence SJT, the age effect becomes significant when removing the category mentioning PRCS, H (3) = 10.28, p = .016. The adjusted pairwise comparisons show that it is the age groups of 31–42 and 43–80 that are significantly different from one another, as presented in Fig. 9. The older age group is more likely to answer staying home as much as possible, while the younger are more likely to attend meetings and try to stay safe without taking any exaggerated precautions.

Violence situational judgement test answers according to age in the volunteers sample – sensitivity analysis, January-February 2023, Westbank region, occupied Palestinian territories

Gender effect remains non-significant, and this was also the case for governorate’s effect. Disability effect becomes significant in the sensitivity analysis, U = 322.00, z = -2.23, p = .026, r = − .23. Figure 10 shows that volunteers with more than one domain with difficulties are more likely to answer staying home as much as possible, and less likely to attend meetings to understand risks.

Violence situational judgement test answers according to disability in the volunteers sample – sensitivity analysis, January-February 2023, Westbank region, occupied Palestinian territories