1. Chow DK, Leong RW, Lai LH, et al. Changes in Crohn’s disease phenotype over time in the Chinese population: validation of the Montreal classification system. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14:536–541.

2. Cosnes J, Cattan S, Blain A, et al. Long-term evolution of disease behavior of Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2002;8:244–250.

3. Thia KT, Sandborn WJ, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Loftus EV Jr. Risk factors associated with progression to intestinal complications of Crohn’s disease in a population-based cohort. Gastroenterology 2010;139:1147–1155.

4. Lichtenstein GR, Yan S, Bala M, Blank M, Sands BE. Infliximab maintenance treatment reduces hospitalizations, surgeries, and procedures in fistulizing Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 2005;128:862–869.

5. Feagan BG, Panaccione R, Sandborn WJ, et al. Effects of adalimumab therapy on incidence of hospitalization and surgery in Crohn’s disease: results from the CHARM study. Gastroenterology 2008;135:1493–1499.

6. D’Haens G, Baert F, van Assche G, et al. Early combined immunosuppression or conventional management in patients with newly diagnosed Crohn’s disease: an open randomised trial. Lancet 2008;371:660–667.

7. Ordás I, Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ. Early use of immunosuppressives or TNF antagonists for the treatment of Crohn’s disease: time for a change. Gut 2011;60:1754–1763.

8. Hart AL, Lomer M, Verjee A, et al. What are the top 10 research questions in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease? A priority setting partnership with the James Lind Alliance. J Crohns Colitis 2017;11:204–211.

9. Gomollón F, Dignass A, Annese V, et al. 3rd European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn’s disease 2016: part 1: diagnosis and medical management. J Crohns Colitis 2017;11:3–25.

10. Freeman HJ. Application of the Montreal classification for Crohn’s disease to a single clinician database of 1015 patients. Can J Gastroenterol 2007;21:363–366.

11. Cullen G, O’toole A, Keegan D, Sheahan K, Hyland JM, O’donoghue DP. Long-term clinical results of ileocecal resection for Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007;13:1369–1373.

12. Bernell O, Lapidus A, Hellers G. Risk factors for surgery and postoperative recurrence in Crohn’s disease. Ann Surg 2000;231:38–45.

13. Bemelman WA, Allez M. The surgical intervention: earlier or never? Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014;28:497–503.

14. Kim NK, Senagore AJ, Luchtefeld MA, et al. Long-term outcome after ileocecal resection for Crohn’s disease. Am Surg 1997;63:627–633.

15. Rink AD, Fischer IR, Vestweber B, Vestweber KH. Long-term outcome of laparoscopic ileocecal resection for Crohn’s disease before the era of biologics. Int J Colorectal Dis 2014;29:127–132.

16. Diederen K, de Ridder L, van Rheenen P, et al. Complications and Disease recurrence after primary ileocecal resection in pediatric Crohn’s disease: a multicenter cohort analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017;23:272–282.

17. Ponsioen CY, de Groof EJ, Eshuis EJ, et al. Laparoscopic ileocaecal resection versus infliximab for terminal ileitis in Crohn’s disease: a randomised controlled, open-label, multicentre trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;2:785–792.

18. Stevens TW, Haasnoot ML, D’Haens GR, et al. Laparoscopic ileocaecal resection versus infliximab for terminal ileitis in Crohn’s disease: retrospective long-term follow-up of the LIR!C trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;5:900–907.

19. Agrawal M, Ebert AC, Poulsen G, et al. Early ileocecal resection for Crohn’s disease is associated with improved long-term outcomes compared with anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 2023;165:976–985e3.

20. Wright EK, Kamm MA. Impact of drug therapy and surgery on quality of life in Crohn’s disease: a systematic review. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015;21:1187–1194.

21. Gionchetti P, Dignass A, Danese S, et al. 3rd European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn’s disease 2016: part 2: surgical management and special situations. J Crohns Colitis 2017;11:135–149.

22. Feuerstein JD, Ho EY, Shmidt E, et al. AGA clinical practice guidelines on the medical management of moderate to severe luminal and perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 2021;160:2496–2508.

23. Mak WY, Zhao M, Ng SC, Burisch J. The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: East meets west. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;35:380–389.

24. Park SH. Update on the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: where are we now? Intest Res 2022;20:159–164.

25. Song EM, Yang SK. Natural history of inflammatory bowel disease: a comparison between the East and the West. Intest Res 2022;20:418–430.

26. Cai C, Lu J, Lai L, et al. Drug therapy and monitoring for inflammatory bowel disease: a multinational questionnaire investigation in Asia. Intest Res 2022;20:213–223.

27. Lichtenstein GR, Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ. Management of Crohn’s disease in adults. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:465–483quiz 464, 484.

28. Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF. The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications. Gut 2006;55:749–753.

29. Munkholm P, Langholz E, Davidsen M, Binder V. Disease activity courses in a regional cohort of Crohn’s disease patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995;30:699–706.

30. Sampietro GM, Corsi F, Maconi G, et al. Prospective study of long-term results and prognostic factors after conservative surgery for small bowel Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:183–191quiz 125.

31. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Loftus EV Jr, Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ. The natural history of adult Crohn’s disease in population-based cohorts. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:289–297.

32. Aratari A, Papi C, Leandro G, Viscido A, Capurso L, Caprilli R. Early versus late surgery for ileo-caecal Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26:1303–1312.

33. Lee JM, Lee KM, Kim JS, et al. Postoperative course of Crohn disease according to timing of bowel resection: Results from the CONNECT Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018;97:e0459.

34. Kelm M, Anger F, Eichlinger R, et al. Early ileocecal resection is an effective therapy in isolated Crohn’s disease. J Clin Med 2021;10:731.

35. Sarikaya MZ, Zhao M, Lo B, Bendtsen F, Burisch J. Disease course and treatment outcomes of Crohn’s disease patients with early or late surgery - A Danish nationwide cohort study from 1997 to 2015. Dig Liver Dis 2023;55:872–879.

36. Gerdin L, Eriksson AS, Olaison G, et al. The Swedish Crohn trial: a prematurely terminated randomized controlled trial of thiopurines or open surgery for primary treatment of ileocaecal Crohn’s disease. J Crohns Colitis 2016;10:50–54.

37. de Groof EJ, Stevens TW, Eshuis EJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic ileocaecal resection versus infliximab treatment of terminal ileitis in Crohn’s disease: the LIR!C Trial. Gut 2019;68:1774–1780.

38. Irvine EJ, Feagan B, Rochon J, et al. Quality of life: a valid and reliable measure of therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Canadian Crohn’s Relapse Prevention Trial Study Group. Gastroenterology 1994;106:287–296.

39. Cohen RD. The quality of life in patients with Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16:1603–1609.

40. Nordgren SR, Fasth SB, Oresland TO, Hultén LA. Long-term follow-up in Crohn’s disease. Mortality, morbidity, and functional status. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;29:1122–1128.

41. Weston LA, Roberts PL, Schoetz DJ Jr, Coller JA, Murray JJ, Rusin LC. Ileocolic resection for acute presentation of Crohn’s disease of the ileum. Dis Colon Rectum 1996;39:841–846.

42. Spinelli A, Carvello M, Adamina M, et al. Patients’ perceptions of surgery for inflammatory bowel disease. Colorectal Dis 2021;23:2690–2698.